RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to examine the in vivo effect of melatonin on rat mitochondrial liver respiration. Two experiments were performed: For experiment 1, adult male rats received melatonin in the drinking water (16 or 50 microg/ml) or vehicle during 45 days. For experiment 2, rats received melatonin in the drinking water (50 microg/ml) for 45 days, or the same amount for 30 days followed by a 15 day-withdrawal period. At sacrifice, a liver mitochondrial fraction was prepared and oxygen consumption was measured polarographically in the presence of excess concentration of DL-3-beta-hydroxybutyrate or L-succinate. Melatonin treatment decreased Krebs' cycle substrate-induced respiration significantly at both examined doses. The stimulation of mitochondrial respiration caused by excess concentration of substrate recovered after melatonin withdrawal. Basal state 4 respiration was not modified by melatonin. Melatonin, by curtailing overstimulation of cellular respiration caused by excess Krebs' cycle substrates, can protect the mitochondria from oxidative damage.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

La formación de tejido graso resulta del balance entre la ingestión y el consumo de energía, lo cual destaca la importancia del estudio de los factores que controlan el gasto energético. La hormona tiroidea es conocida desde hace tiempo como el principal regulador del metabolismo basal, a través de la estimulación del consumo de oxígeno en las células. El descubrimiento de la grasa parda y de la proteína desacoplante-1 (UCP1) demostró la importancia de este tejido para la regulación del consumo energético em mamíferos. La proteína desacoplante-2 (UCP2) se expresa en muchos tejidos y tendría una acción protectora de la función celular, al preservar el potencial de membrana afectado por el superóxido. La proteína desacoplante- 3 (UCP3) estaría vinculada a la producción de calor, facilitando la combustión de ácidos grasos en la cadena respiratoria mitocondrial, pero no parece participar en el control del gasto energético. El exceso de UCP3 em ratones transgénicos disminuyó la grasa corporal y aumentó la sensibilidad a la insulina seguido de hipoglucemia, sugiriendo así un futuro, hipotético uso de esta proteína en la diabetes 2 y en la obesidad. Los estudios que se realizan sobre estas proteínas y sobre hormonas del tejido adiposo blanco como la leptina, adiponectina, resistina, de péptidos hipotalámicos como neuropéptido Y, CRF, hormona alfa-melanocítica y péptidos regulados por cocaína y anfetamina (CART), muestran resultados promisorios para una futura aplicación en el control del gasto energético en humanos y con ello en la prevención o el tratamiento de la obesidad y la diabetes tipo 2. (AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

La formación de tejido graso resulta del balance entre la ingestión y el consumo de energía, lo cual destaca la importancia del estudio de los factores que controlan el gasto energético. La hormona tiroidea es conocida desde hace tiempo como el principal regulador del metabolismo basal, a través de la estimulación del consumo de oxígeno en las células. El descubrimiento de la grasa parda y de la proteína desacoplante-1 (UCP1) demostró la importancia de este tejido para la regulación del consumo energético em mamíferos. La proteína desacoplante-2 (UCP2) se expresa en muchos tejidos y tendría una acción protectora de la función celular, al preservar el potencial de membrana afectado por el superóxido. La proteína desacoplante- 3 (UCP3) estaría vinculada a la producción de calor, facilitando la combustión de ácidos grasos en la cadena respiratoria mitocondrial, pero no parece participar en el control del gasto energético. El exceso de UCP3 em ratones transgénicos disminuyó la grasa corporal y aumentó la sensibilidad a la insulina seguido de hipoglucemia, sugiriendo así un futuro, hipotético uso de esta proteína en la diabetes 2 y en la obesidad. Los estudios que se realizan sobre estas proteínas y sobre hormonas del tejido adiposo blanco como la leptina, adiponectina, resistina, de péptidos hipotalámicos como neuropéptido Y, CRF, hormona alfa-melanocítica y péptidos regulados por cocaína y anfetamina (CART), muestran resultados promisorios para una futura aplicación en el control del gasto energético en humanos y con ello en la prevención o el tratamiento de la obesidad y la diabetes tipo 2.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main site for hormone-dependent (non-shivering) thermogenesis in response to cold in lower mammals. The hypothalamus controls the cold-induced BAT activation by stimulating the sympathetic nerves and the secretion of norepinephrine (NE) in BAT. Mediated by beta-3 noradrenergic receptor and in the presence of triiodothyronine (T3), NE promotes the synthesis of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). UCP1 is a 32 kDa protein located in the inner membrane of BAT mitochondria, where it dissipates the proton gradient created by oxidations in the mitochondria. UCP1 functions as a proton translocator, substituting for another translocator, the ATP synthetase. The uncoupling of oxidations and phosphorylations and the inhibition of ATP synthesis lead to dissipation as heat of all energy produced in the respiratory chain. The supply of adequate amounts of T3 is ensured by the cold-induced enhancement of the enzyme 5'-deiodinase type II activity, which deiodinates thyroxine (T4) to T3. The absence of T3 blocks UCP1 synthesis, leading to hypothermia. BAT has a limited significance in humans, except in the newborn, where it serves for a rapid acclimation to ambient temperature. The study of BAT physiology will provide more insight into the mechanisms regulating energy balance and body weight in humans, thus contributing to prevent and treat human obesity.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Changes in O(2) uptake at different thyroid status have been explained on the basis of the modulation of mitochondrial enzymes and membrane biophysical properties. Regarding the nitric oxide (NO) effects, we tested whether liver mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS) participates in the modulation of O(2) uptake in thyroid disorders. Wistar rats were inoculated with 400 microCi (131)I (hypothyroid group), 20 microg thyroxine (T(4))/100 g body wt administered daily for 2 wk (hyperthyroid group) or vehicle (control). Basal metabolic rate, mitochondrial function, and mtNOS activity were analyzed. Systemic and liver mitochondrial O(2) uptake and cytochrome oxidase activity were lower in hypothyroid rats with respect to controls; mitochondrial parameters were further decreased by L-arginine (-42 and -34%, P < 0.05), consistent with 5- to 10-fold increases in matrix NO concentration. Accordingly, mtNOS expression (75%) and activity (260%) were selectively increased in hypothyroidism and reverted by hormone replacement without changes in other nitric oxide isoforms. Moreover, mtNOS activity correlated with serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) and O(2) uptake. Increased mtNOS activity was also observed in skeletal muscle mitochondria from hypothyroid rats. Therefore, we suggest that modulation of mtNOS is a substantial part of thyroid effects on mitochondrial O(2) uptake.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

It has been postulated that a cold-induced decrease in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) might disinhibit the sympathetic outflow that activates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. The present work has assessed the interscapular BAT NPY and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations 7 days after surgical excision of the sympathetic nerves (Sx) of each BAT lobe in rats exposed to 4 degrees C or 24 degrees C during 24 h. In addition, the effects of NPY treatment on BAT oxygen (O2) consumption in normal and T3-treated hypothyroid rats was determined. Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-240 g were used. BAT was removed and homogenized in 0.1 M HCl. BAT NPY content at 24 degrees C was 109 +/- 19 pg/mg protein. Sx decreased this value significantly (P < 0.001) and cold increased it by two-fold (P < 0.001). Neither cold nor Sx altered hypothalamic NPY. BAT O2 consumption was depressed by NPY treatment (P < 0.001) and increased by NE (P < 0.001). In euthyroid Sx rats, NPY decreased O2 consumption (P < 0.001). NPY failed to alter O2 consumption in hypothyroid rats and sharply decreased it in T3-treated rats. The results show that NPY blocked the effects of T3 on BAT O2 consumption, and that cold-induced activation of the thermogenic process did not produce measurable changes in hypothalamic NPY.

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main site for hormone-dependent (non-shivering) thermogenesis in response to cold in lower mammals. The hypothalamus controls the cold-induced BAT activation by stimulating the sympathetic nerves and the secretion of norepinephrine (NE) in BAT. Mediated by beta-3 noradrenergic receptor and in the presence of triiodothyronine (T3), NE promotes the synthesis of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). UCP1 is a 32 kDa protein located in the inner membrane of BAT mitochondria, where it dissipates the proton gradient created by oxidations in the mitochondria. UCP1 functions as a proton translocator, substituting for another translocator, the ATP synthetase. The uncoupling of oxidations and phosphorylations and the inhibition of ATP synthesis lead to dissipation as heat of all energy produced in the respiratory chain. The supply of adequate amounts of T3 is ensured by the cold-induced enhancement of the enzyme 5-deiodinase type II activity, which deiodinates thyroxine (T4) to T3. The absence of T3 blocks UCP1 synthesis, leading to hypothermia. BAT has a limited significance in humans, except in the newborn, where it serves for a rapid acclimation to ambient temperature. The study of BAT physiology will provide more insight into the mechanisms regulating energy balance and body weight in humans, thus contributing to prevent and treat human obesity.

RESUMEN

We studied whether the activation of rat brown adipose tissue (BAT) by cold exposure or by the administration of beta-3-noradrenergic agonist CGP-12177 could be prevented by the inhibition of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) conversion. Hypothyroid rats were treated with replacement doses of T4, T4 plus iopanoic acid (IA) or T3. Groups of rats were placed at 4 degrees C for 24 h or kept at room temperature. Cold exposure induced a significant increase in guanosine diphosphate (GDP) binding to BAT mitochondrial proteins in T4-treated rats, an effect not abolished by IA. No significant changes were seen in T3-treated rats. In rats maintained at room temperature and injected with CGP-12177, T4 induced a significant rise in GDP binding which was not blocked by IA. T3 also induced a significant increase in binding. The study of mitochondrial oxygen consumption in muscle from cold-exposed rats showed a marked decrease in consumption in T3-treated rats as compared to values in the warm. Normal oxygen consumption was restored with 2-fold doses of T3 replacement, whereas 5-fold doses increased consumption above normal. The data suggest that in states with low or absent T3, T4 can stimulate heat production and preserve normothermia.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The effects of the beta-3-receptor agonist CGP-12177 on thyroxine (T4) deiodination in sympathectomized (SX) interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) were assessed in 300 g body weight (BW) Wistar rats. DESIGN: Seven days after SX, groups of rats were implanted s.c. with pellets containing 5mg CGP-12177 or 5mg norepinephrine (NE) and were immediately placed at 4 degrees C for 24h. Other SX groups were injected with CGP-12177 or NE 1mg/kg BW i. p. and placed in the cold for 4h. The latter group was injected, in addition, with prazosin 0.4 mg/100g BW i.p. or propranolol 0.5mg/100g BW i.p. 15 min before and 2h after the administration of CGP-12177 or NE. METHODS: Two hours after the last injection of prazosin or propranolol, animals were killed and BAT was removed, homogenized and centrifuged at 500 g for 10 min at 4 degrees C. The infranatants were incubated during 60 min in the presence of dithiothreitol and 1 microCi [(125)I]T4. Aliquots were chromatographed on paper for the measurement of [(125)I]T4 and its deiodinated subproducts. RESULTS: CGP-12177 restored normal T4 deiodination in SX BAT from both groups, but NE was slightly more effective. Propranolol, although not prazosin, blocked the CGP-12177 effects. Contrariwise, the NE-induced rise in deiodination was blocked by prazosin and to a lesser extent by propranolol. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that CGP-12177 stimulated the in vivo activation of 5'-deiodinase type II activity predominantly via beta-3-receptor, without participation of alpha-1-receptors.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The effect of in vitro addition of zinc sulphate on T4 deiodination in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of rats exposed to 4 degrees C or 22 degrees C temperature during 24 h, was studied. Animals were killed by cervical dislocation and BAT was immediately removed and homogenized in sucrose buffer (320 mM) containing HEPES (10 mM) pH 7.4. The preparation was centrifuged at 4 degrees C during 10 min. Aliquots were separated adding 50, 100 microM, 1 o 5 mM zinc sulphate plus 0, 5, 10 or 25 mM dithiothreitol plus 1 microCi 125I-T4. The mixture was incubated at 37 degrees C during 60 min. Aliquots were applied to Whatman paper and chromatographed. BAT from control rats kept at 22 degrees C produced 79 +/- 30 pg T3/g protein/h. This value was significantly reduced in homogenates containing 1 or 5 mM zinc. In rats exposed to 4 degrees C, T3 production increased to 248 +/- 37 pg/mg protein/h. The addition of 100 microM, 1 or 5 mM zinc significantly decreased T3 production. The inhibitory action of zinc on BAT T4 deiodination may have a deleterious effect on BAT thermogenesis.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The effect of in vitro addition of zinc sulphate on T4 deiodination in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of rats exposed to 4 degrees C or 22 degrees C temperature during 24 h, was studied. Animals were killed by cervical dislocation and BAT was immediately removed and homogenized in sucrose buffer (320 mM) containing HEPES (10 mM) pH 7.4. The preparation was centrifuged at 4 degrees C during 10 min. Aliquots were separated adding 50, 100 microM, 1 o 5 mM zinc sulphate plus 0, 5, 10 or 25 mM dithiothreitol plus 1 microCi 125I-T4. The mixture was incubated at 37 degrees C during 60 min. Aliquots were applied to Whatman paper and chromatographed. BAT from control rats kept at 22 degrees C produced 79 +/- 30 pg T3/g protein/h. This value was significantly reduced in homogenates containing 1 or 5 mM zinc. In rats exposed to 4 degrees C, T3 production increased to 248 +/- 37 pg/mg protein/h. The addition of 100 microM, 1 or 5 mM zinc significantly decreased T3 production. The inhibitory action of zinc on BAT T4 deiodination may have a deleterious effect on BAT thermogenesis.

Asunto(s)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The effect of in vivo administration of cadmium chloride on the pituitary-thyroidal axis was assessed in 200 g body weight Wistar rats. A dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight was injected i.v. 24 h before the experiments were initiated. Plasma thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations in cadmium-treated rats were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased, whereas plasma TSH failed to increase in response to low T4 and T3. However, the TSH response to TRH and the pituitary content of TSH in these rats were both normal. Cadmium induced a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in 4-h thyroidal 131I uptake and in thyroid/plasma radioactivity ratio. The in vitro conversion of T4 to T3 in the pituitary was significantly (P < 0.01) blocked by cadmium whereas there was no in vivo effect. Parameters of peripheral T4 kinetics in cadmium-treated rats, such as metabolic clearance rate (P < 0.01), fractional turnover rate (P < 0.01), absolute disposal rate (P < 0.05), urinary clearance (P < 0.05) and faecal clearance (P < 0.05), were all decreased by cadmium. The lack of response of TSH to low plasma T4 and T3 and the normal response to exogenous TRH in this and in other non-thyroidal illness syndromes produced by other pathologies suggest a decreased stimulation of pituitary thyrotrophs by endogenous TRH.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

We have assessed the relative contribution of the thyroid hormones and noradrenaline (NA) on the calorigenic function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) as indicated by GDP binding and O2 consumption of BAT mitochondria. Male Wistar rats of 200 g body weight were made hypothyroid with 131I. Groups of animals were injected s.c., in divided doses, daily for 10 days, with thyroxine (2 micrograms/100 g body weight) or tri-iodothyronine (T3; 0.3 microgram/100 g body weight). Animals were used 7 days after bilateral or unilateral sympathetic nerve excision of BAT (Sx). Sham-operated rats were used as controls. In normal rats kept at 22 degrees C, GDP binding reached 94 +/- 24 pmol/mg protein; untreated hypothyroid rats had normal binding values whereas the T3-treated group showed an increased binding. Sx induced a sharp fall in the three groups (P < 0.01). After 24-h exposure to 4 degrees C GDP binding increased in normal rats to about 410% (P < 0.01) whereas binding failed to increase in response to cold in the untreated hypothyroid and the T3-treated groups. Sx reduced GDP binding in the three groups significantly (P < 0.01). The consumption of O2 by BAT mitochondria showed similar variations in response to Sx and to cold exposure as did GDP binding. The data indicated that, at room temperature, BAT calorigenesis can function without the thyroid hormones, though not without the catecholamines. The findings in rats exposed to cold showed that the lack of NA was significantly more effective than the lack of thyroid hormones in preventing the BAT hyperactive response. This does not negate an active role for T3 in BAT calorigenesis.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The effects of in vivo administration or in vitro addition of zinc on 5'-deiodination of thyroxine (T4) and the concentration of nonprotein sulfhydryl groups (NPSH) in rat liver were studied in 200-240 g body weight male Wistar rats. Twelve rats were injected i.p. with zinc sulphate 2 mg/kg body weight 24 h before the experiments were started. Animals were killed by cervical dislocation and the liver was immediately removed and homogenized. Dithiothreitol (DTT) (0, 2.5, 5 or 10 mM, final concentration) and 1 microCi 125I-T4 were added to homogenates. For the in vitro studies, animals were killed by cervical dislocation and the liver removed and added zinc or cadmium (2.5 or 5 mM) plus DTT and labelled T4. Homogenates were incubated for 90 min at 37 degrees C and thereafter chromatographed in Whatman 1 paper. Zinc-injected rats had a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in T4 deiodination and in the generation of iodine (P < 0.02) and T3 (P < 0.05). In the in vitro studies, both zinc and cadmium reduced (P < 0.02) the deiodination of T4, and the generation of iodine (P < 0.02) for zinc and P < 0.05 for cadmium) as well as the generation of T3 (p < 0.05). The NPSH in zinc-injected rats were within normal levels. Serum T4 and T3 in zinc-treated rats were normal, whereas in cadmium-treated rats were both significantly decreased (P < 0.01 for T4 and P < 0.02 for T3). The data indicate that zinc blocks the activity of liver 5'-deiodinase through a mechanism probably related to its binding to the sulfhydryl groups of the enzyme.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The effects of in vivo administration or in vitro addition of zinc on 5-deiodination of thyroxine (T4) and the concentration of nonprotein sulfhydryl groups (NPSH) in rat liver were studied in 200-240 g body weight male Wistar rats. Twelve rats were injected i.p. with zinc sulphate 2 mg/kg body weight 24 h before the experiments were started. Animals were killed by cervical dislocation and the liver was immediately removed and homogenized. Dithiothreitol (DTT) (0, 2.5, 5 or 10 mM, final concentration) and 1 microCi 125I-T4 were added to homogenates. For the in vitro studies, animals were killed by cervical dislocation and the liver removed and added zinc or cadmium (2.5 or 5 mM) plus DTT and labelled T4. Homogenates were incubated for 90 min at 37 degrees C and thereafter chromatographed in Whatman 1 paper. Zinc-injected rats had a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in T4 deiodination and in the generation of iodine (P < 0.02) and T3 (P < 0.05). In the in vitro studies, both zinc and cadmium reduced (P < 0.02) the deiodination of T4, and the generation of iodine (P < 0.02) for zinc and P < 0.05 for cadmium) as well as the generation of T3 (p < 0.05). The NPSH in zinc-injected rats were within normal levels. Serum T4 and T3 in zinc-treated rats were normal, whereas in cadmium-treated rats were both significantly decreased (P < 0.01 for T4 and P < 0.02 for T3). The data indicate that zinc blocks the activity of liver 5-deiodinase through a mechanism probably related to its binding to the sulfhydryl groups of the enzyme.

RESUMEN

Se estudió el efecto de la administración in vivo o del agregado in vitro de zinc sobre la deiodinación 5de la tiroxina (T4) por el hígado de rata y sobre la concentración hepática de grupos sulfhidrilos libres (NPSH). Se usaron ratas Wistar macho de 200-240g de peso corporal. A un grupo de 12 ratas se les inyectó i.p. sulfato de zinc 2mg/Kg de peso, 24h antes de iniciar el estudio. Se sacrificaron los animales por dislocación cervical y el hígado fue inmediatamente homogeneizado. Se agregó a los homogenatos dithithreitol (DTT) (0,2.5,5 o 10mM concentración final) y 1ACi de 125I-T4. Para los estudios in vitro en animales sin tratar, se agregó al homogenato de hígado sulfato de zinc o cloruro de cadmio (2.5 o 5mM) más DTT y T4 marcada. Todos los homogenatos fueron incubados durante 90 min a 37ºC y luego cromatografiados en papel Whatman 1. Las ratas inyectadas con zinc tuvieron una disminución significativa (p<0.01) de la deiodinación de T4, de la producción de 125 iodo (P<0.02) y de triiodotironina (T3) (P<0.05). En los estudios in vitro, el agregado de zinc o cadmio disminuyó significativamente la degradación de T4 (P<0.02) y la producción de iodo (P<0.02 para el zinc y P<0.05 para el cadmio) y de T3 (P<0.05). La concentración hepática de NPSH en los animales inyectados con zinc fue normal. La concentración sérica de T4 y T3 en los animales inyectados con zinc fue normal pero en los inyectados con cadmio se redujo significativamente (P<0.01 para T4 y P<0.02 para T3). Los resultados indican que el zinc inhibe la actividad de la 5-deioidnasa hepática, por um mecanismo probablemente relacionado con la unión del metal a los grupos sulfhidrilos de la enzima (AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Se estudió el efecto de la administración in vivo o del agregado in vitro de zinc sobre la deiodinación 5'de la tiroxina (T4) por el hígado de rata y sobre la concentración hepática de grupos sulfhidrilos libres (NPSH). Se usaron ratas Wistar macho de 200-240g de peso corporal. A un grupo de 12 ratas se les inyectó i.p. sulfato de zinc 2mg/Kg de peso, 24h antes de iniciar el estudio. Se sacrificaron los animales por dislocación cervical y el hígado fue inmediatamente homogeneizado. Se agregó a los homogenatos dithithreitol (DTT) (0,2.5,5 o 10mM concentración final) y 1µCi de 125I-T4. Para los estudios in vitro en animales sin tratar, se agregó al homogenato de hígado sulfato de zinc o cloruro de cadmio (2.5 o 5mM) más DTT y T4 marcada. Todos los homogenatos fueron incubados durante 90 min a 37ºC y luego cromatografiados en papel Whatman 1. Las ratas inyectadas con zinc tuvieron una disminución significativa (p<0.01) de la deiodinación de T4, de la producción de 125 iodo (P<0.02) y de triiodotironina (T3) (P<0.05). En los estudios in vitro, el agregado de zinc o cadmio disminuyó significativamente la degradación de T4 (P<0.02) y la producción de iodo (P<0.02 para el zinc y P<0.05 para el cadmio) y de T3 (P<0.05). La concentración hepática de NPSH en los animales inyectados con zinc fue normal. La concentración sérica de T4 y T3 en los animales inyectados con zinc fue normal pero en los inyectados con cadmio se redujo significativamente (P<0.01 para T4 y P<0.02 para T3). Los resultados indican que el zinc inhibe la actividad de la 5'-deioidnasa hepática, por um mecanismo probablemente relacionado con la unión del metal a los grupos sulfhidrilos de la enzima

Asunto(s)