RESUMEN

This study evaluated the effect of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) associated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) for ovulation induction in precocious indicus heifers submitted to a fixed-time superovulation (SOV) programme. Precocious Nellore heifers (n = 35), aged 13 months, were subjected to the SOV protocol. On day 0 (D0), all animals received intravaginal insertion of a progesterone (P4) device along with intramuscular administration of 2 mg of oestradiol benzoate, plus 200 IU of follicle-stimulating hormone in decreasing doses, with 12-h intervals between D4 and D7, in addition to 150 µg of D-cloprostenol on D6 and device removal on D7. On D8, the donors received 10.5 µg of buserelin acetate and the treatment group received 300 µg of D-cloprostenol/PGF2α. Artificial insemination was performed 12 h and 24 h after GnRH administration using frozen semen. On D15 of the protocol (i.e., D7 after insemination), the embryos were collected and evaluated. All animals passed through the control and treatment groups. Results were evaluated by analysis of variance using an adjusted mixed-effects model (p < 0.05). There was no difference in the total number of embryos between the control and treatment groups (10.40 ± 1.52 vs. 9.60 ± 1.36; p = 0.63) or viable embryos (6.30 ± 1.22 vs. 4.30 ± 0.71). For precocious indicus heifers, treatment with PGF2α in association with GnRH did not affect embryo production in the fixed-time SOV protocol.

Asunto(s)

Dinoprost , Estradiol , Hormona Liberadora de Gonadotropina , Inseminación Artificial , Inducción de la Ovulación , Progesterona , Superovulación , Animales , Bovinos , Femenino , Dinoprost/farmacología , Dinoprost/administración & dosificación , Hormona Liberadora de Gonadotropina/farmacología , Hormona Liberadora de Gonadotropina/administración & dosificación , Superovulación/efectos de los fármacos , Inseminación Artificial/veterinaria , Inducción de la Ovulación/veterinaria , Inducción de la Ovulación/métodos , Estradiol/farmacología , Estradiol/administración & dosificación , Estradiol/análogos & derivados , Progesterona/farmacología , Progesterona/administración & dosificación , Embarazo , Cloprostenol/farmacología , Cloprostenol/administración & dosificación , Buserelina/farmacología , Buserelina/administración & dosificación , Hormona Folículo Estimulante/farmacología , Hormona Folículo Estimulante/administración & dosificación

RESUMEN

Pregnancy losses negatively affect the cattle industry, impacting economic indices and consequently the entire production chain. Early embryonic failure has been an important challenge in the embryo industry because proper identification of embryo death at the beginning of gestation is difficult. This review aimed to provide a better understanding on reproductive failure and the relationship between early embryonic loss and different reproductive biotechniques. This review also considers insights and possible strategies for reducing early embryonic loss. The strategies addressed are as follows: i) great impact of rigorous embryo evaluation on reducing embryo losses; ii) selection of recipients at the time of transfer, taking into account health and nutritional status, and classification of the corpus luteum using ultrasound, either in area or vascularization; and iii) paternal effect as one of the factors that contribute to pregnancy losses, with a focus on embryo transfer.

RESUMEN

The microbiota plays an important role in numerous physiological processes, pathogenesis, development, and metabolism in different animal species. In humans, several studies have demonstrated an association between the vaginal microbiota and fertility rates, and even success in assisted reproduction techniques. In the context of cattle reproduction, although few studies have addressed the microbiota in a healthy state (which is not associated with diseases that affect the reproductive tract of cows), changes in its composition also seem to influence fertility. This review aims to explain the importance of the reproductive microbiota in female bovines and what is available in the literature regarding its possible role in increasing fertility. What are the challenges involved in this process? Future perspectives on its use and manipulation as a selection or intervention tool. Will it be possible to one day extrapolate the findings to reality and apply them in the field? In short, understanding the role of the reproductive microbiota of female bovines can signal the prospect of increasing production, whether of milk or meat, from the same number of animals, as it can optimize reproductive efficiency and perhaps become an allied tool for the economic profitability and sustainability of livestock farming.

RESUMEN

The vaginal microbiota has been shown to be important in local immune regulation and may play a role in reproduction and fertility. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have been used to characterize the bovine vaginal microbiota, mainly using short-read sequencing (Illumina). However, the main limitation of this technique is its inability to classify bacteria at the species level. The objective of this study was to characterize the bovine vaginal microbiota at the species level using long-read sequencing (PacBio) and to compare it with the results of short-read sequencing. In addition, the vaginal microbiota of cows that became pregnant after artificial insemination (AI) was compared with that of infertile animals. Thirteen Holstein cows had vaginal swabs collected prior to AI. DNA was extracted and subjected to Illumina and PacBio sequencing to characterize the V4 region and the entire 16S rRNA gene, respectively. PacBio sequencing yielded 366,509 reads that were assigned to 476 species from 27 phyla. However, none of the most abundant reads (>1%) could be classified at the species level. Illumina sequencing yielded more reads and consequently was able to detect a more observed species, but PacBio sequencing was able to detect more unique and rare species. The composition of the vaginal microbiota varies according to the sequencing method used, which might complicate the interpretation of results obtained in the majority of the current studies. The present study expands on the current knowledge of bovine microbiota, highlighting the need for further efforts to improve the current databanks.

Asunto(s)

Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Microbiota , Femenino , Embarazo , Animales , Bovinos , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Bases de Datos Factuales , Fertilidad , Microbiota/genética

RESUMEN

This study used Holstein cattle to evaluate the following: I) the productive and reproductive characteristics of cows with low, intermediate and high antral follicle counts (AFCs) that were subjected to artificialin semination (AI) and comparison of AFC variability at the time of AI (nonpregnant) and at two time points during pregnancy (30 and 60 days), and II) whether the pregnancy status and different pregnancy periods in heifers improves the efficiency at in vitro embryo production (IVEP). In study I, 75 high-milk production cows with body condition scores (BCSs) of 2.75 to 4.75 and ages of 23 to 99 months were selected. Onthe day of estrus, AFCs (follicles ≥ 3 mm), BCS, body weight, and diameters of the dominant follicle, ovaries and the corpus luteum were evaluated. Posteriorly, AFC was monitored in pregnant cows at 30 days (n =35) and at 60 days for comparison of AFC before pregnancy versus different periods. In study II, heifers (n = 9) with BCS of 2.5 to 3.5 and ages of 10 to 16 months were selected for ovum pick-up and an IVEP program before AI (nonpregnant) as well as at 0 to 30, 31 to 60, and > 60 days of pregnancy. Statistical analysis was performed using PROC GLM and binary logistic regression model (P ≤ 0.05). In study I, AFC was not associated with variations in productive and reproductive parameters. However, AFCs in the low group increased following pregnancy (AI: 14.82 ± 1.36, 30 days: 23.45 ± 2.31 and 60 days: 35.18 ± 3.17 follicles). AFCs increased from AI to 60 days in the intermediate group but did not vary among time points in the high group. AFCs varied among AFC groups in AI and at 30 days of pregnancy but not at 60 days. In study II, the mean of total oocytes (17.43 ± 4.52 vs. 41.67 ± 3.79) and viable oocytes (13.77 ± 3.63 vs. 30.56± 3.45) increased from AI (nonpregnant) to the first 30 days of pregnancy. [...]

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Este estudo utilizou fêmeas da raça Holandesa para avaliar: i) variação da contagem de folículos antrais na gestação; ii) resultado da produção in vitro de embriões em doadoras antes e depois da gestação. No estudo I, 75 vacas de alta produção de leite com escores de condição corporal (ECC) de 2,75 a 4,75 e idades de 23 a 99 meses foram selecionadas. No dia do estro a CFA foi avaliada (folículos ≥ 3 mm) além do escore corporal, peso corporal e diâmetros do folículo dominante, ovários e corpo lúteo. Posteriormente, a CFA foi monitorada nas vacas gestantes (n = 35) aos 30 e 60 dias. No estudo II, novilhas (n = 9) com ECC de 2,5 a 3,5 e idades de 10 a 16 meses foram selecionadas para obtenção de oócitos antes e depois da gestação, no primeiro, segundo e acima dos dois meses de gestação. A análise estatística foi realizada usando PROC GLM e modelo de regressão logística binária (P ≤ 0,05). No estudo I, a CFA não foi associada a variações nos parâmetros produtivos e reprodutivos. No entanto, as vacas de baixa CFA apresentaram aumento no número de folículos após início da gestação (IA: 14,82 ± 1,36, 30 dias: 23,45 ± 2,31 e 60 dias:35,18 ± 3,17 folículos). A CFA aumentou da IA para 60 dias no grupo de CFA intermediária, mas não variou ao longo do tempo no grupo de alta CFA. A CFA variou entre os grupos comparando-se o momento da IA e 30 dias de gestação. No estudo II, entre a IA e o primeiro mês de gestação, houve aumento do total de oócitos (17,43 ± 4,52 vs. 41,67 ± 3,79), bem como de oócitos viáveis (13,77 ± 3,63 vs. 30,56 ± 3,45). O número médio de embriões produzidos aumentou durante a gestação, [...]

Asunto(s)

Femenino , Animales , Bovinos , Fertilidad/genética , Preñez/genética , Técnicas de Cultivo de Embriones/veterinaria

RESUMEN

This study used Holstein cattle to evaluate the following: I) the productive and reproductive characteristics of cows with low, intermediate and high antral follicle counts (AFCs) that were subjected to artificialin semination (AI) and comparison of AFC variability at the time of AI (nonpregnant) and at two time points during pregnancy (30 and 60 days), and II) whether the pregnancy status and different pregnancy periods in heifers improves the efficiency at in vitro embryo production (IVEP). In study I, 75 high-milk production cows with body condition scores (BCSs) of 2.75 to 4.75 and ages of 23 to 99 months were selected. Onthe day of estrus, AFCs (follicles ≥ 3 mm), BCS, body weight, and diameters of the dominant follicle, ovaries and the corpus luteum were evaluated. Posteriorly, AFC was monitored in pregnant cows at 30 days (n =35) and at 60 days for comparison of AFC before pregnancy versus different periods. In study II, heifers (n = 9) with BCS of 2.5 to 3.5 and ages of 10 to 16 months were selected for ovum pick-up and an IVEP program before AI (nonpregnant) as well as at 0 to 30, 31 to 60, and > 60 days of pregnancy. Statistical analysis was performed using PROC GLM and binary logistic regression model (P ≤ 0.05). In study I, AFC was not associated with variations in productive and reproductive parameters. However, AFCs in the low group increased following pregnancy (AI: 14.82 ± 1.36, 30 days: 23.45 ± 2.31 and 60 days: 35.18 ± 3.17 follicles). AFCs increased from AI to 60 days in the intermediate group but did not vary among time points in the high group. AFCs varied among AFC groups in AI and at 30 days of pregnancy but not at 60 days. In study II, the mean of total oocytes (17.43 ± 4.52 vs. 41.67 ± 3.79) and viable oocytes (13.77 ± 3.63 vs. 30.56± 3.45) increased from AI (nonpregnant) to the first 30 days of pregnancy. [...](AU)

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Este estudo utilizou fêmeas da raça Holandesa para avaliar: i) variação da contagem de folículos antrais na gestação; ii) resultado da produção in vitro de embriões em doadoras antes e depois da gestação. No estudo I, 75 vacas de alta produção de leite com escores de condição corporal (ECC) de 2,75 a 4,75 e idades de 23 a 99 meses foram selecionadas. No dia do estro a CFA foi avaliada (folículos ≥ 3 mm) além do escore corporal, peso corporal e diâmetros do folículo dominante, ovários e corpo lúteo. Posteriormente, a CFA foi monitorada nas vacas gestantes (n = 35) aos 30 e 60 dias. No estudo II, novilhas (n = 9) com ECC de 2,5 a 3,5 e idades de 10 a 16 meses foram selecionadas para obtenção de oócitos antes e depois da gestação, no primeiro, segundo e acima dos dois meses de gestação. A análise estatística foi realizada usando PROC GLM e modelo de regressão logística binária (P ≤ 0,05). No estudo I, a CFA não foi associada a variações nos parâmetros produtivos e reprodutivos. No entanto, as vacas de baixa CFA apresentaram aumento no número de folículos após início da gestação (IA: 14,82 ± 1,36, 30 dias: 23,45 ± 2,31 e 60 dias:35,18 ± 3,17 folículos). A CFA aumentou da IA para 60 dias no grupo de CFA intermediária, mas não variou ao longo do tempo no grupo de alta CFA. A CFA variou entre os grupos comparando-se o momento da IA e 30 dias de gestação. No estudo II, entre a IA e o primeiro mês de gestação, houve aumento do total de oócitos (17,43 ± 4,52 vs. 41,67 ± 3,79), bem como de oócitos viáveis (13,77 ± 3,63 vs. 30,56 ± 3,45). O número médio de embriões produzidos aumentou durante a gestação, [...](AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Preñez/genética , Fertilidad/genética , Técnicas de Cultivo de Embriones/veterinaria

RESUMEN

A implementação das biotécnicas reprodutivas juntamente com os programas de melhoramento genético tem contribuído expressivamente para uma rápida disseminação de indivíduos melhoradores, tanto pelo uso da inseminação artificial, quanto pela produção in vivo e in vitro de embriões. No entanto, a eficiência destes programas está condicionada a uma série de fatores que podem afetar de maneira significativa a performance reprodutiva tanto em bovinos de corte, como de leite. Neste contexto, a contagem de folículos antrais (CFA) se destaca como um dos fatores de maior influência e ainda pouco compreendido. Empregando a ultrassonografia, fêmeas podem ser classificada em baixa, intermediária ou alta CFA, devido à alta variabilidade desta contagem no rebanho. Além disso, a alta repetibilidade desta característica possibilita realizar esta classificação em diferentes momentos da vida reprodutiva da fêmea. De maneira geral, doadoras de alta CFA tem proporcionado maiores rendimentos embrionários tanto na técnica in vivo quanto in vitro. Entretanto, fêmeas de baixa CFA têm apresentado maiores diâmetros foliculares e maior taxa de prenhez quando submetidas à IATF. Embora a CFA atue como um fator de grande influência, sua herdabilidade é baixa e não há relação com características zootécnicas de programas de melhoramento. Finalmente, a CFA tem se destacado como uma importante ferramenta de seleção de matrizes e que tem contribuído significativamente para um maior sucesso nos programas reprodutivos.

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The implementation of reproductive biotechniques and genetic improvement programs has significantly contributed to a fast dissemination of animals with high genetic, both by artificial insemination and in vivo and in vitro embryo production. However, the efficiency of these programs is conditioned to several factors that can considerably affect the reproductive performance in both beef and dairy cattle. In this context, the antral follicle count (AFC) stands out as one of the most influential and still poorly understood factors. Females can be classified as low, intermediate, or high AFC by ultrasonography due to the high variability of this count in the herd. In addition, the high repeatability of this characteristic allows high confidence in carrying out this classification at different times of the reproductive life. In general, high AFC donors have provided higher embryo yields both in vivo and in vitro. However, females with low AFC have shown larger follicular diameters and higher pregnancy rate when submitted to TAI. Although AFC is a factor of great influence, its heritability is low and there is no relationship with zootechnical characteristics of breeding programs. Finally, AFC has emerged as an important tool to female’s selection and has significantly contributed to greater success in breeding programs.

Asunto(s)

Femenino , Animales , Bovinos , Fertilidad , Folículo Ovárico , Inseminación Artificial

RESUMEN

Os ovários desempenham papéis relevantes para o sistema reprodutivo, no qual a função exócrina (ou gametogênica) realiza a maturação e liberação do oócito para a fecundação e a função endócrina (ou esteroidogênica) afeta a síntese, secreção de hormônios e fatores de crescimento. Além disso, existe uma interação entre os fatores endócrinos, autócrinos e parácrinos, atuando em associação com o processo de desenvolvimento folicular e oocitário durante a vida reprodutiva da fêmea. O córtex, porção mais externa do ovário, representa a região funcional onde se localizam os folículos ovarianos e as estruturas lúteas, em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento e/ou atresia. A região medular localiza-se mais internamente, na maioria das espécies, e sua principal função é nutrir e sustentar o ovário. Apesar da numerosa população folicular presente nos ovários, estabelecida durante a vida fetal, quase todos os folículos encontrados no pool de reserva ovariana, ou seja, 99,9%, não atingem a ovulação. Esses folículos passam por um processo de morte celular conhecido como atresia folicular, tornando o ovário um órgão de baixa produtividade. A elucidação dos mecanismos que regulam a foliculogênese, incluindo o processo de atresia, é importante para o melhor aproveitamento dos folículos na melhoria da eficiência reprodutiva de animais de produção.

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The ovaries play roles relevant to the reproductive system, in which the exocrine (or gametogenic) function carries out the maturation and release of the oocyte for fertilization and the endocrine (or steroidogenic) function effects the synthesis and secretion of hormones and growth factors. In addition, there is an interaction between endocrine, autocrine and paracrine factors, acting in association with the follicular and oocyte development process during the female's reproductive life. The cortex, the outermost portion of the ovary, represents the functional region where the ovarian follicles and luteal structures are located, at different stages of development and/or atresia. The medullary region is located more internally, in most species, and its main function is to nourish and support the ovary. Despite the numerous follicular population present in the ovaries, established during fetal life, almost all follicles found in the ovarian reserve pool, i.e., 99.9%, do not reach ovulation. These follicles undergo a process of cell death known as follicular atresia, making the ovary a low-productivity organ. The elucidation of the mechanisms that regulate folliculogenesis, including the atresia process, is important for the better use of follicles in improving the reproductive efficiency of production animals.

Asunto(s)

Femenino , Animales , Bovinos , Atresia Folicular , Bovinos/embriología , Folículo Ovárico , Oogénesis

RESUMEN

O desenvolvimento de estudos genéticos e de microdispositivos biológicos tem proporcionado a ampliação do conhecimento sobre os complexos eventos que envolvem a reprodução animal. O desafio ainda é imensurável, mas a criação e surgimentos de novas perspectivas para a pesquisa básica tem-se feito presente. Neste trabalho revisamos de maneira suscinta algumas abordagens recentes, utilizadas pela pesquisa básica, sobretudo com o objetivo de lançar luz sobre o desenvolvimento folicular e oocitário. Dessa forma, essa revisão pretende fornecer uma visão geral do uso das tecnologias ômicas e sistema de microfluídica como auxiliadores na compreensão da foliculogênese. Adicionalmente serão apresentadas particularidades inerentes à fisiologia da gametogênese, que incluem ação de microorganismos e mitocôndrias, além do importante papel da comunicação intercelular através das vesículas extracelulares.

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The development of genetic studies and biological microdevices has expanded knowledge about the complex events involving animal reproduction. The challenge is still immeasurable, but the creation and emergence of new perspectives for basic research have been present. This paper briefly reviews some recent approaches used in basic research, mainly to shed light on follicular and oocyte development. Thus, this review intends to provide an overview of the use of omics technologies and microfluidics systems as aids in understanding folliculogenesis. Also, it will present particulars inherent in the physiology of gametogenesis, which include microorganisms and mitochondria, in addition to the important role of intercellular communication through extracellular vesicles.

Asunto(s)

Animales , Bioingeniería , Fenómenos Genéticos , Folículo Ovárico/crecimiento & desarrollo , Microbiota , Técnicas Analíticas Microfluídicas

RESUMEN

In the present study, there was an evaluation of in vitro embryo production (IVEP) in Bos indicus donor cows with small or large antral follicle counts (AFCs) when there was synchronization of follicular dynamics among cows before ovum pick-up (OPU). Donor cows classified as having small or large AFC were submitted to OPU/IVEP program (Experiment-I) or had follicular-stage synchronization imposed before OPU/IVEP (Experiment-II). In Experiment-I, the cows with a large AFC had a greater (P < 0.01) mean of embryos developing to the blastocyst stage compared to those with a small AFC. In Experiment-II, percentage of viable oocytes/OPU were not affected (P = 0.33) by synchronization of follicular dynamics, but the AFC had an effect (P < 0.0001). There was an interaction (P = 0.01) indicating the larger AFC, with or without imposing of a synchronization treatment regimen, resulted in the most desirable outcome. The number of embryos was affected (P < 0.001) by follicular-stage synchronization and AFC, with there being an interaction (P = 0.002) with the most desirable results for the large AFC-synchronized group. Number of pregnancies was greater (P ≤ 0.02) for recipient females with embryos from synchronized donors and with a large AFC. There was an interaction (P = 0.03) with there being a greater pregnancy percentage for cows with synchronized follicular stages and the large AFC. Bos indicus donor with a large AFC when associated with the synchronization of stage of follicular dynamics pre-OPU results in improvement of the efficacy of IVEP.

Asunto(s)

Bovinos/embriología , Sincronización del Estro , Folículo Ovárico/fisiología , Óvulo/fisiología , Recolección de Tejidos y Órganos/veterinaria , Animales , Bovinos/fisiología , Transferencia de Embrión , Femenino , Embarazo

RESUMEN

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Girolando (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) cows with high and low antral follicle counts (AFC) for the in vitro production of bovine embryos (IVEP), as well as the pregnancy rates of the recipients of these embryos. Girolando cows (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) were classified as high and low AFC when they had 35-52 (n = 13) and 11-17 follicles (n = 15), respectively. All animals were subjected to repeated follicular aspiration [Ovum pick-up (OPU)] and subsequent IVEP sessions. The synchronization protocol of the recipients was performed on a random day of the estrous cycle (Day 0) with the implantation of progesterone, estradiol benzoate, and prostaglandin. The high AFC group had higher aspirated oocyte/OPU (42.6 ± 5.2 vs. 14.6 ± 1.9; p < 0.01) and cultured oocyte/OPU (38.1 ± 6.6 vs. 12.3 ± 2.8; p < 0.01) averages as well as a higher blastocyst percentage on D7 (23.0 ± 1.0% vs. 18.4 ± 1.5%; p < 0.05) and higher pregnancy rate (42.7 ± 2.7% vs. 39.7 ± 4.6%; p< 0.05) than the low AFC group. Thus, we can conclude that animals with high AFC had better IVEP success rates than animals with low AFC.

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Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE) bovinos de vacas da raça Girolando (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) com alta e baixa contagem de folículos antrais (CFA), bem como a taxa de prenhez nas receptoras destes embriões. As vacas da raça Girolando (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) foram classificadas como de alta CFA quando apresentavam de 35 a 52 folículos(n = 13) e baixa CFA, quando apresentavam de 11 a 17 folículos (n = 15). Todos os animais foram submetidos a repetidas sessões de aspiração folicular (OPU) e subsequente PIVE. O protocolo de sincronização das receptoras foi realizado em um dia aleatório do ciclo estral (Dia 0) com implante de progesterona, benzoato de estradiol e prostaglandina. O grupo de alta CFA obteve uma maior média de oócitos aspirados / OPU (42,6 ± 5,2 vs. 14,6 ± 1,9; p < 0,01); oócitos cultivados / OPU (38,1 ± 6,6 vs.12,3 ± 2,8; p < 0,01); porcentagem de blastocistos em D7 (23,0 ± 1,0% vs. 18,4 ± 1,5%; p < 0,05) e taxa de prenhez (42,7 ± 2,7% vs. 39,7 ± 4,6%; p < 0,05) maiores quando comparado ao grupo de baixa CFA. Desta maneira, podemos concluir que os animais de alta CFA apresentaram melhores taxas de PIVE que os animais de baixa CFA.

Asunto(s)

Femenino , Animales , Bovinos , Bovinos/embriología , Preñez , Técnicas In Vitro

RESUMEN

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Girolando (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) cows with high and low antral follicle counts (AFC) for the in vitro production of bovine embryos (IVEP), as well as the pregnancy rates of the recipients of these embryos. Girolando cows (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) were classified as high and low AFC when they had 35-52 (n = 13) and 11-17 follicles (n = 15), respectively. All animals were subjected to repeated follicular aspiration [Ovum pick-up (OPU)] and subsequent IVEP sessions. The synchronization protocol of the recipients was performed on a random day of the estrous cycle (Day 0) with the implantation of progesterone, estradiol benzoate, and prostaglandin. The high AFC group had higher aspirated oocyte/OPU (42.6 ± 5.2 vs. 14.6 ± 1.9; p < 0.01) and cultured oocyte/OPU (38.1 ± 6.6 vs. 12.3 ± 2.8; p < 0.01) averages as well as a higher blastocyst percentage on D7 (23.0 ± 1.0% vs. 18.4 ± 1.5%; p < 0.05) and higher pregnancy rate (42.7 ± 2.7% vs. 39.7 ± 4.6%; p< 0.05) than the low AFC group. Thus, we can conclude that animals with high AFC had better IVEP success rates than animals with low AFC.(AU)

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Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE) bovinos de vacas da raça Girolando (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) com alta e baixa contagem de folículos antrais (CFA), bem como a taxa de prenhez nas receptoras destes embriões. As vacas da raça Girolando (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) foram classificadas como de alta CFA quando apresentavam de 35 a 52 folículos(n = 13) e baixa CFA, quando apresentavam de 11 a 17 folículos (n = 15). Todos os animais foram submetidos a repetidas sessões de aspiração folicular (OPU) e subsequente PIVE. O protocolo de sincronização das receptoras foi realizado em um dia aleatório do ciclo estral (Dia 0) com implante de progesterona, benzoato de estradiol e prostaglandina. O grupo de alta CFA obteve uma maior média de oócitos aspirados / OPU (42,6 ± 5,2 vs. 14,6 ± 1,9; p < 0,01); oócitos cultivados / OPU (38,1 ± 6,6 vs.12,3 ± 2,8; p < 0,01); porcentagem de blastocistos em D7 (23,0 ± 1,0% vs. 18,4 ± 1,5%; p < 0,05) e taxa de prenhez (42,7 ± 2,7% vs. 39,7 ± 4,6%; p < 0,05) maiores quando comparado ao grupo de baixa CFA. Desta maneira, podemos concluir que os animais de alta CFA apresentaram melhores taxas de PIVE que os animais de baixa CFA.

Asunto(s)

Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Bovinos/embriología , Preñez , Técnicas In Vitro

RESUMEN

The number of embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) has grown exponentially in recent years. Recently, for the first time, the number of embryos produced and transferred in vitro was significantly higher than the number developed in vivo worldwide. In this context, a particular boost occurred with ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro embryos produced in North America, and this technology is becoming more prominent for commercial dairy farms. However, despite many advances in recent decades, laboratories and companies are looking for methods and alternatives that can be used in collaboration with the existing process to improve it. Among the strategies used to improve the dairy industry are the use of genomic analysis for the selection of animals with desired traits or as an evaluation tool of oocyte and embryo quality, the optimization of the collection and use of gametes from prepubertal females and males, the effective use of sexed semen, and improvements in culture media and methods of embryo cryopreservation. Thus, this review aims to discuss the highlights of the commercial use of IVF and some strategies to increase the application of this technique in large-scale dairy programs.

RESUMEN

The number of embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) has grown exponentially in recent years. Recently, for the first time, the number of embryos produced and transferred in vitro was significantly higher than the number developed in vivo worldwide. In this context, a particular boost occurred with ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro embryos produced in North America, and this technology is becoming more prominent for commercial dairy farms. However, despite many advances in recent decades, laboratories and companies are looking for methods and alternatives that can be used in collaboration with the existing process to improve it. Among the strategies used to improve the dairy industry are the use of genomic analysis for the selection of animals with desired traits or as an evaluation tool of oocyte and embryo quality, the optimization of the collection and use of gametes from prepubertal females and males, the effective use of sexed semen, and improvements in culture media and methods of embryo cryopreservation. Thus, this review aims to discuss the highlights of the commercial use of IVF and some strategies to increase the application of this technique in large-scale dairy programs.

Asunto(s)

Femenino , Animales , Bovinos , Fertilización In Vitro/métodos , Fertilización In Vitro/veterinaria , Genómica , Productos Lácteos/análisis

RESUMEN

The number of embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) has grown exponentially in recent years. Recently, for the first time, the number of embryos produced and transferred in vitro was significantly higher than the number developed in vivo worldwide. In this context, a particular boost occurred with ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro embryos produced in North America, and this technology is becoming more prominent for commercial dairy farms. However, despite many advances in recent decades, laboratories and companies are looking for methods and alternatives that can be used in collaboration with the existing process to improve it. Among the strategies used to improve the dairy industry are the use of genomic analysis for the selection of animals with desired traits or as an evaluation tool of oocyte and embryo quality, the optimization of the collection and use of gametes from prepubertal females and males, the effective use of sexed semen, and improvements in culture media and methods of embryo cryopreservation. Thus, this review aims to discuss the highlights of the commercial use of IVF and some strategies to increase the application of this technique in large-scale dairy programs.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Fertilización In Vitro/métodos , Fertilización In Vitro/veterinaria , Genómica , Productos Lácteos/análisis

RESUMEN

Reproductive biotechniques such as embryo production are important tools to increase the reproductive performance in cattle in a short time. In this context, the antral follicle count (AFC), which reflects the population of antral follicles present in an ovary, has been indicated as an important phenotypic characteristic related to female fertility and closely correlated to the performance of in vivo and in vitro embryo production (IVEP). A positive correlation was evidenced between AFC and oocyte retrieval by ovum pick up (OPU) sessions and and with the number of embryos produced. Several studies have reported that females with a high AFC had greater embryo yields compared to those with medium and low AFC. However, controversial results were obtained by studies conducted in different bovine breeds. Many conflicting data may be due to the differences in the experimental design, particularly regarding the classification of animals in AFC groups, subspecies particularities, herd aptitude or even issues related to animal management. Therefore, aspects such as the choice of donor, type of aspirated follicles and the stage of follicular wave need to be clarified. Thus, this text aims to discuss the use of AFC as a reproductive tool and its applications in the in vivo and in vitro production of embryos, besides describing consistent results and new challenges regarding AFC and embryo production.

Asunto(s)

Femenino , Animales , Bovinos , Bovinos/embriología , Bovinos/fisiología , Folículo Ovárico , Técnicas de Cultivo de Embriones

RESUMEN

Reproductive biotechniques such as embryo production are important tools to increase the reproductive performance in cattle in a short time. In this context, the antral follicle count (AFC), which reflects the population of antral follicles present in an ovary, has been indicated as an important phenotypic characteristic related to female fertility and closely correlated to the performance of in vivo and in vitro embryo production (IVEP). A positive correlation was evidenced between AFC and oocyte retrieval by ovum pick up (OPU) sessions and and with the number of embryos produced. Several studies have reported that females with a high AFC had greater embryo yields compared to those with medium and low AFC. However, controversial results were obtained by studies conducted in different bovine breeds. Many conflicting data may be due to the differences in the experimental design, particularly regarding the classification of animals in AFC groups, subspecies particularities, herd aptitude or even issues related to animal management. Therefore, aspects such as the choice of donor, type of aspirated follicles and the stage of follicular wave need to be clarified. Thus, this text aims to discuss the use of AFC as a reproductive tool and its applications in the in vivo and in vitro production of embryos, besides describing consistent results and new challenges regarding AFC and embryo production.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Bovinos/embriología , Bovinos/fisiología , Folículo Ovárico , Técnicas de Cultivo de Embriones

RESUMEN

Reproductive biotechniques such as embryo production are important tools to increase the reproductive performance in cattle in a short time. In this context, the antral follicle count (AFC), which reflects the population of antral follicles present in an ovary, has been indicated as an important phenotypic characteristic related to female fertility and closely correlated to the performance of in vivo and in vitro embryo production (IVEP). A positive correlation was evidenced between AFC and oocyte retrieval by ovum pick up (OPU) sessions and and with the number of embryos produced. Several studies have reported that females with a high AFC had greater embryo yields compared to those with medium and low AFC. However, controversial results were obtained by studies conducted in different bovine breeds. Many conflicting data may be due to the differences in the experimental design, particularly regarding the classification of animals in AFC groups, subspecies particularities, herd aptitude or even issues related to animal management. Therefore, aspects such as the choice of donor, type of aspirated follicles and the stage of follicular wave need to be clarified. Thus, this text aims to discuss the use of AFC as a reproductive tool and its applications in the in vivo and in vitro production of embryos, besides describing consistent results and new challenges regarding AFC and embryo production.

RESUMEN

The antral follicle count (AFC) represents the number of follicles visualized by ultrasonography in the ovaries. Antral follicle count tends to be variable among cows but with high repeatability within the same individual. In the last decade, AFC has been considered a biological marker of fertility with many positive aspects of reproductive efficiency for those animals with high AFC. For instance, a larger number and better-quality embryos, better pregnancy rates, increased concentrations of circulating progesterone, in addition to other characteristics linked to fertility, are all responses observed in individuals with high compared with those with low AFC in Bos taurus cattle. However, the positive association between AFC and fertility did not follow the same pattern for Bosindicus. Recent articles showed no connection between fertility and number of antral follicles or better reproductive efficiency for high AFC group in Zebu cows. Thus, the aim of this review is to discuss the various data concerning AFC between indicus and taurus cattle. Additionally, we consider AFC to be a possible tool to improve cattle performance in reproductive biotechnology.

Asunto(s)

Animales , Bovinos , Bovinos/embriología , Fertilidad , Folículo Ovárico/crecimiento & desarrollo , Transferencia de Embrión/historia , Transferencia de Embrión/tendencias

RESUMEN

In the last several years, the high demand for embryo production has resulted in the need to study new methods to make the cryopreservation of bovine embryos produced in vitro more efficient. Despite the advantages offered by in vitro embryo production (IVEP), the major challenge to its greater dissemination is to improve embryonic survival after cryopreservation. Embryos that are produced in vitro are less resistant to cryopreservation compared to those produced in vivo, which is due to the higher accumulation of lipids in their cells, among other factors. In this context, changes in the culture conditions such as the addition of lipolytic chemical substances and the adjustment of fetal calf serum in the medium have been proposed to decrease the lipid amount within the embryos. Several years ago, vitrification allowed good results for in vitro produced (IVP) embryos because of its simplicity, speed and low cost. More recently, another technique applied to simplify the embryo post-thawing rehydration step in vivo, direct transfer (DT), is a strategy that has proven to be of interest in helping to overcome limitations to the cryopreservation of in vitro produced embryos. DT has been performed by commercial laboratories, ensuring good embryo viability after thawing. However, commercial and operational limitations prevent the large-scale use of these techniques. Thus, this review aims to discuss the use of strategies to improve the post-cryopreservation survival capacity and the aspects to be overcome so that the cryopreservation of IVP embryos becomes a well-established and commercially applicable technique in addition to presenting new guidelines for embryo transfer (ET) programs from a better selection of recipients.

Asunto(s)

Animales , Bovinos , Bovinos/embriología , Criopreservación/tendencias , Criopreservación/veterinaria , Transferencia de Embrión/tendencias , Transferencia de Embrión/veterinaria