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PURPOSE: To report a case of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) in a transgender woman having undergone hormone replacement therapy. METHODS: Observational case report. RESULTS: A 44-year-old transgender woman on hormone replacement therapy with transdermal estradiol gel for the past 6 years was referred for sudden loss of vision and metamorphopsia in her left eye (LE) for the past 3 weeks. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 in her right eye (RE) and 20/40 in her LE. Dilated fundus examination showed deep flame-shaped hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and arteriovenous crossing changes. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT, Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) showed retinal edema in the superonasal perifoveal area. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA PlexElite, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc, Dublin, CA) revealed the presence of areas of non-perfusion, disorganization of the capillary network and capillary ectasia and dilation. The patient was treated with 3 monthly intravitreal injections of aflibercept. Three-month follow up revealed complete resolution of the macular edema, with BCVA having improved to 20/20 in the LE. CONCLUSION: As estrogen increases cardiovascular risk when used in hormone replacement therapy, RVO is a complication that must be taken into account by clinicians, especially in transgender women (male-to-female) who are more at risk.

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Birdshot retinochoroidopathy (BRC) is a potentially blinding posterior autoimmune uveitis that affects Caucasian patients in their fifties. Strongly associated with the HLA A 29 phenotype, BRC is characterized by the presence of suggestive choroidal lesions on the fundus, but their apparition can be delayed. Visual acuity is not a good descriptive factor of visual function. Ancillary tests can therefore help establish the diagnosis and allow proper follow-up of BRC patients: optical coherence tomography can reveal either oedema or atrophy of the macula. Fluorescein and infracyanine green angiograms can show signs of inflammatory activity and give further diagnostic clues. Electroretinograms and visual fields can be useful for the diagnosis and follow-up. BCR patients should be examined periodically and undergo exhaustive clinical and paraclinical tests to insure the best prognosis. Corticosteroids should be associated with immunosuppressive treatments as early as possible in the presence of factors that are predictive of the worse prognoses.

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INTRODUCTION: Visual snow is a symptom described by some patients and poorly recognized by ophthalmologists. It consists in the permanent perception of a textured or a snowy vision, sometimes associated with palinopsia, exaggerated perception of the blue field entoptic phenomenon and photophobia. We report a group of patients suffering from visual snow in order to precise its characteristics and discuss its pathophysiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study of patients diagnosed between September 2010 and December 2012 with a visual snow phenomenon. For each patient, a formal ophthalmologic examination, an Amsler grid test, an automated visual field (central 20°), a color vision test (15 Hue), a full field, a pattern and a multifocal electroretinogram as well as flash and pattern visual evoked potentials (Métrovision©) were performed. A brain imaging was not systematically performed. RESULTS: Twelve patients aged 9-48old were included (six men and six women, 85 % of students). Several signs were variably associated with the visual snow phenomenon: palinopsia (50 %), constant blue field entoptic phenomenon (40 %), photophobia (30 %), migraine (30 %); in 20 % of cases, an initial toxic intake was found (20 %). DISCUSSION: This study highlights the reproducibility of typical symptoms described by patients reporting the visual snow phenomenon. This feature strongly supports the organic origin of the phenomenon. The pathophysiology of this phenomenon, however, remains unclear; the hypothesis of a lower threshold for perception of entoptic images cannot entirely account for the reported symptoms.

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INTRODUCTION: Acetazolamide reduces intraocular pressure and stimulates absorption of subretinal fluid by the retinal pigment epithelium. Recording the intraocular pressure response to systemic acetazolamide might enable an indirect evaluation of retinal pigment epithelial carbonic anhydrase. METHODS: The intraocular pressure response to a standardized dose of intravenous acetazolamide (5mg/kg) was evaluated in a "case" group of 15 patients undergoing retinal detachment (RD) surgery and in a control group of 15 patients undergoing epiretinal membrane peeling. Intraocular pressure was measured with a handheld Perkins tonometer in a supine position before (t-2 min) and after the intravenous administration of acetazolamide (t+2 min, t+6 min, t+10 min and t+30 min). The mean variation of the intraocular pressure was compared between the two groups in the non-operated eye at each time point. RESULTS: A significant reduction of the intraocular pressure was observed in both groups at 2, 6 and 10 minutes (P<0.01) after the injection of acetazolamide (5mg/kg). The reduction was significantly lower in the group of patients who underwent retinal detachment surgery when compared with the group of patients in whom epiretinal membrane peeling had been performed. This difference remained significant up to 10 minutes (P<0.01 at t=2, 6 and 10 min). At t=30 min, the intraocular pressure reduction was comparable in both groups. DISCUSSION: The vitreous plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of retinal detachment via peripheral traction. However, since not all tears lead inevitably to retinal detachment, there must also be adherence factors which can prevent the latter. The response to acetazolamide differs significantly in patients undergoing retinal detachment surgery compared with patients treated with epiretinal membrane peeling. In the occurrence of retinal detachment, deficient photoreceptor adherence to the retinal pigment epithelium has been hypothesized. Further research should aim to correlate the tonometric response to acetazolamide with photoreceptor adherence.

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