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Application of new materials and methods in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases is one of the promising research areas in modern ophthalmology. Significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases using nanotechnologies and nanomaterials. This paper presents the main achievements and results of original research on this issue. It has been shown that nanoparticles are able to overcome biological barriers, deliver drugs to the target site, and provide the required drug release rate. Modern nanotechnological approaches in tissue engineering are also being actively introduced into ophthalmology, making it possible to create nanoframeworks for growing three-dimensional cellular structures, including arrays of pigment epithelium cells and retinal ganglion cells for the treatment of retinal damage caused by degenerative diseases, injuries and infections.

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AIM: to assess clinical efficacy and expediency (appropriateness) of simultaneous single stage combined coronary stenting and closure of atrial septal defect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of total number of patients who underwent endovascular correction of atrial septal defect (ASD) (n=91), in 6 (6.6 %) the procedure of endovascular repair of secondary ASD was combined with performed at same session oronary stenting. Mean age of these patients was 63±6.4 years. Mean diameter of ASD according to transesophageal echocardiography was 13.7±3.1 мм (from 10 to 17 mm). Two patients had dysplasia of atrial septum with pronounced aneurysmal protrusion in the right atrial cavity. Estimate of coronary arteries (CA) involvement SYNTAX score was 14.5±4.9. RESULTS: At initial stage we performed coronary stenting, then ASD closure with occluder. Technical success of combined endovascular procedures was 100 %. Six ASD occluders were implanted in 6 patients. Mean occluder diameter was 21±7,3 mm. Immediately after occluder implantation complete defect closure was achieved in 5 cases, in one case small residual shunt was observed. CA stenting procedure, in one patient after successful recanalization of chronic CA occlusion, in all cases was fulfilled without complications. At control examination after 13.5±1.5 months complete closure of defects was preserved. In all cases significant reduction of right heart chambers occurred. According to echocardiography right atrial volume decreased from 48.6±5.6 to 32.6±3.3 cm3, right ventricular volume - from 45.2±5.1 to 33.4±3.8 cm3, systolic pulmonary pressure fell from 49.7±8.6 to 32.6±6.9 mm Hg. According to control coronary angiography good effect of endovascular procedures was preserved. Tolerance to exercise rose from 68.5±11.8 до 85.3±12.4 W. CONCLUSION: Same time CA stenting and endovascular ASD closure appears to be safe and effective procedure. The strategy used was not associated with additive risk for a patient and shortened duration of hospital stay.

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The article examines the indicators of physical and economic accessibility of pharmaceutical care to patients of older age groups with visual impairment from the perspective of the patient-centered approach. The motives of consumers' behavior when choosing pharmacy organizations and ophthalmic preparations are revealed. The estimation of the consumers' satisfaction with the location of pharmacy organizations and the available in them assortment of medicines for treatment and prevention of eye diseases is given. The consumer perception of the market price of ophthalmic drugs on the Russian pharmaceutical market is represented. It is established that the revealed indicators of accessibility provide an opportunity for a wide choice of medicines for treatment and prevention of eye diseases, taking into account modern methods of pharmacotherapy, individual characteristics of the disease, consumer preferences and financial capabilities of consumers, providing practical implementation of the concept of patient- centered pharmaceutical care for ophthalmic patients of older age groups.

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There are questions in the article that study mutual relations of patients of elderly and senile age with pharmaceutical experts. It was revealed that pharmacy organizations are an important element in the life of patients of the third age and noted the high role of the pharmaceutical specialist in their social environment. The article shows the need to focus on the psychosomatic features of elderly patients with proper pharmaceutical counseling and professional communication. It was noted that interaction of patients of the third age with pharmaceutical specialists and their confidence in them has high importance.

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Extensive application of stents coated with a medicinal antiproliferative agent in clinical practice significantly improved late results of endovascular treatment of patients with various forms of coronary heart disease (CHD). The largest clinical experience is gained with the use of sirolimus- and paclitaxel-coated stents (Cypher, J&J; Cordis, and Taxus, Boston Scientific). However recent publications suggest a rather high frequency of late thrombosis after implantation of such stents. The aim of this work was to estimate their efficacy and safety during the 6-8 month follow-up in 712 patients with various forms of CHD to whom 910 sirolimus- and paclitaxel-coated stents were implanted. The immediate positive angiographic result was documented in 98.8% of the cases in group 1 (n=514, 667 Cypher stents) and 96,7% in group 2 (n=198, 243 Taxus stents). Acute thrombosis was documented in 1 patient of each group (p > 0.5). The frequency of restenosis was 2.9 and 3.1% in groups 1 and 2 respectively (p > 0.5). Late thrombosis within 1 year after implantation occurred in 0.4 and 1% of the patients respectively (p > 0.5). Late thrombosis is supposed to be due to a variety of factors, viz. withdrawal of antithrombotic therapy, incomplete stent opening, the use of non-absorbable polymer; suppression of epithelization, etc. All patients undergoing steent implantation are in need of antiaggregation therapy with acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel till the cause of late thrombosis is clarified.

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The paper gives the results of a study of the biochemical status of general educational school pupils in Orenburg and the Sakmarsky District, Orenburg Region. The findings suggest that biochemical abnormalities found in the urban and rural schoolchildren may result from nutrition that is irrational and inadequate in terms of their age and gender.

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The hair levels of metals were measured in the workers of gas-and-chemical industry. The intensity of oxidative stress was estimated from the activity of antioxidative enzymes in the lysates of erythrocytes and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase. An association was found between the content of the metals under study and the intensity of free radical oxidation processes in persons engaged in different production cycles.

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The environmental oxidative burden was established in the eastern, central, and western areas of the Orenburg Region. The rate of serum lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes was determined. The level of cholesterol and its distribution by the fractions of lipoproteins of different classes were studied in the region's residents. The residential areas with a high oxidative load are characterized by the higher rate of LPO and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia.

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Of late, inflammatory reactions have been considered to play an important part in the development of atherosclerosis. Acute-phase inflammatory reaction, being initially a protective response directed within the homeostasis system towards lesion repair, may by itself due to various factors favor the development of pathological processes. Considering the role played by inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis, and inflammatory activity in obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM), a range of common and interrelated elements of these processes may be marked out. These are acute phase proteins and cytokines. Insulinoresistance, being the common precursor of obesity and DM, plays the key role in vascular lesion. The use of cytokine activity index seems to be a promising method of revealing patients with high risk of atherosclerosis.

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The paper presents an analysis of correlations between long-term results of coronary arterial stenting and anticholesterol therapy with statins in 131 patients with chronic forms of coronary heart disease. The study revealed that anticholesterol therapy, when administered regardless the initial cholesterol level, improved the clinical condition of patients with initial hypercholesterolemia, and lowered the necessity of repeated endovascular procedures for restenosis and the progression of atherosclerotic changes. The necessity of repeated interventions is lowered by statin application rather than by normal levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins.

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In various populations of the cultivated and weedy amaranth species, the electrophoretic patterns of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and malic enzyme (Me) were studied. In total, 52 populations and two varieties (Cherginskii and Valentina) have been examined. Allozyme variation of this material was low. Irrespective of species affiliation, 26 populations and two varieties were monomorphic for five enzymes; a slight polymorphism of three, two, and one enzymes was revealed in three, nine, and fourteen populations, respectively. A single amaranth locus, Adh, with two alleles, Adh F and Adh S, controls amaranth ADH. Two alleles, common Gdh S and rare Gdh F, control GDH; no heterozygotes at this locus were found. The MDH pattern has two, the fast- and slow-migrating, zones of activity (I and II, respectively). Under the given electrophoresis conditions, the fast zone is diffuse, whereas slow zone is controlled by two nonallelic genes, monomorphic Mdh 1 and polymorphic Mdh 2 that includes three alleles: Mdh 2-F, Mdh 2-N, and Mdh 2-S. Low polymorphism of IDH and Me was also found, though their genetic control remains unknown.

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The study was undertaken to comparatively assess the results of stenting and transluminal balloon angioplasty (TBAP) of coronary arteries in patients with chronic forms of coronary heart disease concurrent with restenosis of primary TBAP. The data on 77 patients undergone endovascular procedures for restenosis of prior primary TBAP of coronary arteries at the Moscow Research and Practical Center of Interventional Cardioangiology in March 1997 to May 2003 were analyzed. Group 1 comprised 35 patients with a stent implanted at the site of coronary restenosis; Group 2 included 42 patients undergone repeated TBAP. These groups did not significantly differ in main clinical and functional characteristics, the extent coronary bed lesion, the number of diseased arteries and the morphological type of a coronary lesion (p < 0.05). The angiographic success of secondary TBAP, as well as coronary stenting was 100%. Survival was 100% in the late period. A control examination revealed the clinical picture of angina on exertion in 57.1% and 76.2% of the patients in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.039). In the late period, a satisfactory angiographic result of coronary stenting was revealed in most cases (74.3 and 35.7% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively); restenosis was detected in 20 and 59.5% of cases, respectively (p < 0.01); occlusion in 5.7 and 4.8% (p > 0.05). Need for repeated interventional and surgical (aortocoronary bypass surgery) procedures was significantly less after coronary stenting than that after repeated TBAP (20 and 40.5%, respectively). In the late period, the factors significantly increasing a risk for in-stent restenosis were hypercholesterolemia (cholesterol > or = 5.5 mmol/l); the length of restenosis of an operated segment was > or = 18 mm and that of a stent > or = 20 mm. It is expedient to use coronary endroprosthesis to reduce the incidence of repeated restenosis and needs for repeated procedures for myocardial revascularization in the late period.

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