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UNLABELLED: The increasing geriatric population poses unique treatment challenges for the dental practice. Satisfaction from dental treatment is considered to be an important issue that influences the attitude and cooperation of the geriatric patient. It is associated with the quality of treatment and with different variables, such as physical, emotional, social and financial. The objectives of the present study were to perform a preliminary characterization of a group of geriatric patients and to identify possible factors that might be associated with their level of satisfaction from dental treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-one geriatric patients (20 males and 31 females) participated in the study. They were given a questionnaire which included 41 items regarding: socio-demographic variables, social activity, self image, level of apprehension, locus of control and level of satisfaction from dental care. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients reported a high level of satisfaction from dental treatment and twenty-nine reported a low level of satisfaction. No significant association was found between the degree of satisfaction from dental treatment and the examined variables of social activity, self-image and level of apprehension. Good doctor-patient relationships--"the art of care", is considered to have an important impact on the level of satisfaction, especially among the geriatric patients. CONCLUSION: Therefore, it is suggested that these relationships might determine the level of satisfaction of the geriatric patient from dental treatment.

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The purposes of this study were: (1) To present parents' attitudes toward their child's crying in the dental environment. (2) To suggest a classification of crying children, and discuss its management implications. One hundred and four parents accompanying their children to dental treatment completed a questionnaire assessing the following: the tendency of the child to cry, the preferred approach of the operator to the crying child, and how the parents perceive their own role in such a case. Also the operator's assessment of the child's cooperation and of the child's tendency to cry were recorded. The sociodemographic variables of the parent were recorded, but no association was found with the dependent variables. Fifty-three percent of the parents assessed their children as having a tendency to cry, while only 25 percent children were assessed as such by the operators. Seventy-three percent of the parents preferred that the operator cease the treatment and calm the crying child before resuming. Sixty-nine percent of the parents stated that they should always help to manage the child, when crying takes place. Eleven children who were assessed by the operators as having a tendency to cry cooperated well during the treatment. The successful completion of dental treatment of a crying child is viewed as a partnership of the dentist and the parent. It is important that the dentist informs the parent about the method to be used, and have their consent. A new classification of the crying child is suggested.

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PURPOSE: This study investigated the attitudes of parents toward behavior management techniques used during dental treatment of children. METHODS: One hundred and four parents who accompanied their children to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the Hebrew University, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine in Jerusalem, Israel, participated in the study. The techniques for managing the children's behavior were explained to the parents prior to treatment and parents were present in the operatory during dental treatment. At the end of the second appointment, parents completed a questionnaire requesting demographic, behavioral, and dental information as well as the parents' attitudes toward the management techniques. RESULTS: Most parents preferred an explanation as to the proper approach for treating their children. Voice control was totally accepted by most parents, Papoose Board by one-third of the parents and physical restraint by nearly one-fourth of the parents. Of the parents who were in favor of restraint, most children did not cooperate. CONCLUSION: Detailed explanations and witnessing children during dental treatment may raise parents' tolerance level to firm techniques.

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The purpose of the present study was to assess attitudes of parents toward their presence in the operatory, while their children undergo dental treatment. One hundred and four adults, who accompanied their children to dental treatments were asked to complete a questionnaire before the dental visits. The survey consisted of three sections sociodemographic information of the children and family, sociodemographic information of the parents, and preference of parents regarding staying with their children in the operatory, and willingness to assist the dentist when the behavior of their child could not be completely handled by the dentist. Most of the parents expressed a wish to be present in the operatory (70.2%). No sociodemographic variable of the parents or children was found to significantly influence the attitude of the parents toward their presence in the operatory. Most parents (58%) said they were willing to assist should the dentist not succeed to manage their children. Our results demonstrate a general trend among parents to be with their children in the operatory when they undergo dental treatment and to actively assist the dentist when behavioral problems are encountered.

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The aim of the study was to assess levels of stress and associated socio-demographic variables among dental students in their clinical years in the School of Dental Medicine at the Hebrew University and Hadassah in Jerusalem, and compare the findings with those of a similar study undertaken 10 years previously. The study was carried out among the 4th, 5th and 6th year students because these years involve maximum clinical activity. 112 students out of a population of 120 participated. Students were asked to complete a 17-item anonymous questionnaire composed of items describing potential stressors in the learning environment. The quantitative requirement system per completion of dental procedures received the highest stress scores among all students (3.15 +/- 0.82), followed by 'fear from staying behind peers without being able to catch up'. The lowest scores were given to 'learning new vocabulary as well as new concepts'. These findings were similar to those obtained 10 years ago, despite curriculum and social changes in the interim. Based on the median split of the population, it was found that among the high-stress group, significantly more students evaluated their achievements in school as below average, than did the low-stress group (gamma 2, P = 0.017). The % of students who were parents was significantly higher among the high-stress group, than the others (P = 0.021). Female students reported higher stress in the items comprising 'Clinical work'. The results were similar to those of the previous study, despite curricular changes introduced in the interim.

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A clinical trial, based on the guidelines of the American Dental Association, was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Bio-Bright, a new manually rotating toothbrush. The brush was used by 28 adults and compared to a group of 26 adults who used an ADA-accepted toothbrush (Oral-B 35). Examinations were recorded for safety, plaque level, gingival inflammation and gingival bleeding at baseline, 15 days and one month. Analysis of the data revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups at any of the measurement periods. When calculating the cumulative longitudinal effect on plaque increase or decrease, a consistent and statically significant advantage was revealed for the Bio-Bright group, as compared to the control. No significant differences were demonstrated when comparing safety, gingival, and bleeding indices between the two groups.

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The purpose of the present study was to compare the levels of dental anxiety in both parents of children in a kibbutz in Israel. Sixty pairs of parents between 22 and 56 years of age with children aged 1-14 years comprised the study population. The parents were divided into three age groups: 22-34 years, 35-44 years, and 45-56 years. Dental anxiety was assessed by using Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale and Kleinknecht's Dental Fear Survey. The mothers showed significantly higher levels of dental anxiety than the fathers. Within the families dental anxiety of husbands and wives were poorly correlated. Mothers in the 35-44-year age group displayed the highest scores of dental anxiety. Among the fathers, dental anxiety was highest in the youngest age group (22-34 years). The mean Corah score for the combined group was much higher than those reported for patients in private clinics in Sweden and in the USA. The results suggest that mothers in their mid-thirties to mid-forties merit special support with regard to the dental situation.

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The purpose of the present study was to assess the influence of social and ethnic factors on dental care habits and dental anxiety in a group of children resident in Jerusalem, Israel. Four hundred and fifty-six children completed a questionnaire that included 21 questions: nine referred to socio-demographic variables, three concerned the children's dental care habits, and the remaining nine concerned dental anxiety. Social level was determined by the father's occupation and their area of residence. Ethnic background was established according to the mother's or grandmother's country of origin. Chi-squared tests revealed no significant differences between social class or ethnic origin and dental care habits or dental anxiety. Analysis of variance, however, revealed a significant difference between the anxiety reported by boys of the two ethnic groups studied. Dental care habits were good in the majority of the children of all backgrounds, and the level of dental anxiety was low in all groups. It was concluded that ethnic origin had an influence on dental anxiety only in boys, whereas ethnic origin and social class had no influence on dental care habits.

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This study's objective was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in five-year-olds and twelve-year-olds in Jerusalem, Israel. A total of 166 children comprised the younger group; and 147 children represented the twelve- to thirteen-year-olds. Examinations took place in the classrooms under natural lighting, using a mouth mirror and a probe. It was found that 27.7 percent of the younger children were caries-free, with a mean dif(t) value of 3.65 +/- 3.58. At the age of twelve years, only 4.8 percent were caries-free, with a mean DMF (T) value of 4.9 +/- 3.09. Nearly 58 percent of these carious permanent teeth had been treated. In Jerusalem, fluoridation of the water supply was implemented only recently. There are signs of increased public awareness of prevention methods.

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The purpose of this study was to examine, in the light of a 2-year follow-up, the diagnostic and prognostic value of vitality tests in teeth which had suffered fracture of the enamel and dentin without pulp exposure, to assess the period in which late pathologic changes may occur, and to determine the recommended time intervals for follow-up examinations. Eighty-four childred, 6 to 14 years of age, with 123 traumatized teeth were included in the study. Of these teeth, 87 percent were "vital" at the initial examination, and most of these remained vital throughout the 2 years. Most pathologic changes occur within 6 months after trauma. It is recommended that follow-up examinations be performed 3 and 6 months after the trauma. Root canal treatment is usually necessary in teeth which have no vital response by the 3- and 6-month examinations.

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The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in the earliest age at which children were organized as a group in the national education system and to find possible associations with variables that may help to identify "groups at risk" in this population. A total of 965 children, 5 years old, were examined. They were selected by a method to form a representative sample of all West Jerusalem compulsory kindergarten classes in 1971. Caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene were assessed and demogrphic data were collected. It was found that 84% of the children were affected with mean dif value of 4.7 (+/- 3.6). Association was found between caries and social class. The high morbidity suggests that organized services should be planned for this age group. Since the resources are limited, efforts should be directed mainly towards "groups at risk".

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The prevalence of thumb- and pacifier-sucking children was studied in two "kibbutz" settlements and city nurseries. The variables considered were age, sex, duration of breast feeding, and family size. Data on 333 children were collected by interviewing the parents, and nurses (in kindegartens and nurseries). Differences in prevalence were found between the three groups. Among the city children, 95 per cent sucked and 89 per cent and 69 per cent of the kibbutz children had sucking habits. In Group A, from whom pacifiers were withheld, most children sucked their fingers. With the increase in age, the prevalence was lower in all groups. No difference was found between the sexes. A reverse association was found between finger and pacifier sucking. No association was found between the habit and the duration of breast feeding. The prevalence was highest in single children. It is suggested that the pacifier may be a substitute of choice for thumb sucking.

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Caries of the permanent first molars of 5-year-old children was found to be associated with caries of their diciduous teeth. The sample consisted of 220 children whose permanent first molars had erupted. They were selected out of 965 children who were a representative sample of children attending compulsory kindergartens in Jerusalem, 1971.

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A survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of dental caries in the primary teeth and first permanent molars of five-year-old children and the occurrence of spaces between their primary molars. The representative sample investigated consisted of 965 children attending compulsory kindergarten in Jerusalem. 84% of the children were found to have carious teeth. Average d.i.f. was 4.7 (+/-3.6). The rate of decay was found to be the same in males and females. 30% were found to have eight or more carious teeth and a large number of extractions had to be carried out in this group. Most of the children examined did not have spaces between their primary molars, a fact that necessitated the use of diagnostic radiographs for all cases of extensive treatment. 77% of the children still had no permanent molars. Of those whose permanent molars had erupted, 73% had no caries. A definite association was found to exist between the prevalence of caries in primary teeth and its prevalence in permanent molars. On the basis of the findings it is concluded that compulsory kindergarten is a suitable frame-work for the commencement of organised dental services. Most of the services required may be provided by general dental practitioners who have received some additional specialised training to equip them to treat children. For problematical children--with particular medical or behavioural problems--more specialised treatment can be provided through medical centres in which paedodontic specialists and more sophisticated equipment are available. Currently available manpower in the dental profession is apparently not sufficient and considerable thought will have to be devoted to solution of this problem.

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The prevalence of traumatized primary anterior teeth was studied in 965 5-year-olds attending compulsory kindergartens in West Jerusalem in 1971. The prevalence of children with traumatized teeth was 11.1%. No difference between males and females was found. In most cases only one tooth was affected. The tooth most frequently affected was the maxillary central incisor. The most common type of fracture was that of enamel with or without dentin.

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