RESUMEN

Stroke is one of the major causes of disability in the world. Due to the extended lifetime of the world's population, the number of people affected by stroke has increased substantially over the last years. Stroke may lead to sensorimotor deficits, usually causing hemiplegia or hemiparesia. In order to reduce motor deficits and accelerate functional recovery, MP combined with motor rehabilitation was introduced to the rehabilitation process of post-stroke patients. Evidence has shown that MP combining with motor rehabilitation based on activities of daily living was more effective than conventional motor rehabilitation used per se. This combination proved very useful and effective, with significant results in improvement of motor deficits in post-stroke patients. However, further studies must be conducted to determine specific parameters, such as type of imagery, frequency or duration.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Insomnia is the most commonly occurring sleep disorder: recent reports estimate that 25-30% of adults in the general population occasional instances of experience insomnia, while 10% suffer from disturbances severe enough to meet diagnostic criteria for insomnia. Little is known about the mechanisms, causes, clinical course, and consequences of this condition. Over 30 studies have been published on the matter but only a small proportion has found differences in the working memory of individuals with vs. without insomnia. OBJECTIVE: To summarize evidence regarding the differences in working memory performance between insomniac vs. normal adult sleepers. METHODS: The survey was conducted using an advanced search in the ISI Web of Science and MEDLINE/PubMed with the terms "sleep", "insomnia" and "working memory" as major descriptors; these were crossed with the following keywords: "psychological tests", "neuropsychology" and "performance". RESULTS: A total of 112 articles were identified in the search conducted in PubMed and Web of Science. After the screening, 102 articles unrelated to the proposed theme were excluded. Thus, 10 articles were analyzed by the eligibility and exclusion criteria, and included in this systematic review. CONCLUSION: The information resulting from the analysis of the reviewed articles suggests that mild, but not definitive deficits in cognitive performance might be masked by insignificant disparities in studies comparing insomniac individuals with normal sleepers. This shortcoming can be circumvented by larger and better-characterized samples, together with optimized methodological control of factors which might otherwise result in confounding variations among participants.

INTRODUÇÃO: A insônia é o distúrbio do sono mais comum: relatórios recentes estimam que 25-30% dos adultos sofrem episódios de insônia, enquanto 10% sofrem de distúrbio do sono suficientemente grave para cumprir os critérios de diagnóstico para insônia. Além disso, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos, causas, evolução clínica, e consequências desta doença crónica altamente prevalente. Mais de 30 estudos foram publicados sobre o assunto, mas apenas uma pequena proporção encontrou diferenças entre os indivíduos com e sem insônia, por exemplo, na memória de trabalho. OBJETIVO: Examinar as evidências sobre as diferenças entre adultos insones e normais no desempenho da memória de trabalho. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa foi realizada usando uma pesquisa avançada no ISI Web of Science e MEDLINE/PubMed com os termos "sleep", "insônia" e "memória de trabalho" como os principais descritores, que foram cruzados com as seguintes palavras-chave: "testes psicológicos", "neuropsicologia" e "performance". RESULTADOS: Um total de 132 artigos foram identificados na pesquisa realizada no PubMed e Web of Science; 20 duplicações foram excluídas. Após a triagem, 102 artigos foram excluídos, que não estavam relacionadas com o tema proposto. Assim, 10 artigos foram selecionados por critérios de elegibilidade e de exclusão, e incluídos na revisão sistemática. CONCLUSÃO: As descobertas relatadas em nosso estudo sugerem que os deficits leves mas não permanentes de desempenho cognitivo podem ser mascarados por disparidades insignificantes em estudos que comparam indivíduos com insônia com pessoas com sono normal. Tal deficiência pode ser contornada pela análise de amostras maiores e mais bem caracterizadas, em conjunto com o controle metodológico otimizado de fatores que potencialmente podem incorrer em variações entre os participantes.

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Neuroscience is an emergent research field that comprises many multidisciplinary investigations, searches for explanations about the relationship between the body and the brain. Here, we will give a little summary of this field showing the main current findings. We discuss the lack of consistent data about the relationship among exercise for neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders, sports performance and rehabilitation, and therefore, the difficult to describe cause-effect associations or to describe in detail the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these associations.

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RESUMEN

Stroke is one of the most common conditions requiring rehabilitation, and its motor impairments are a major cause of permanent disability. Hemiparesis is observed by 80% of the patients after acute stroke. Neuroimaging studies showed that real and imagined movements have similarities regarding brain activation, supplying evidence that those similarities are based on the same process. Within this context, the combination of mental practice (MP) with physical and occupational therapy appears to be a natural complement based on neurorehabilitation concepts. Our study seeks to investigate if MP for stroke rehabilitation of upper limbs is an effective adjunct therapy. PubMed (Medline), ISI knowledge (Institute for Scientific Information) and SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library) were terminated on 20 February 2015. Data were collected on variables as follows: sample size, type of supervision, configuration of mental practice, setting the physical practice (intensity, number of sets and repetitions, duration of contractions, rest interval between sets, weekly and total duration), measures of sensorimotor deficits used in the main studies and significant results. Random effects models were used that take into account the variance within and between studies. Seven articles were selected. As there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (MP vs control), showed a - 0.6 (95% CI: -1.27 to 0.04), for upper limb motor restoration after stroke. The present meta-analysis concluded that MP is not effective as adjunct therapeutic strategy for upper limb motor restoration after stroke.

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