RESUMEN
Implantable bone-conduction devices are characterized by the fact that the vibration is transmitted through bone conduction. The technology and surgical techniques in the application of implantable bone-conduction devices have developed considerably in recent years, experiencing a transformation from percutaneous to transcutaneous implantation. This article reviewed current developments in the types, surgical indications, and complications, as well as compared between the various bone-conduction devices to provid references for clinical application.
Asunto(s)
Conducción Ósea/fisiología , Audífonos , Prótesis e Implantes , Vibración , Pérdida Auditiva Conductiva , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were closely associated with asthma. However, there were no perspective studies about the effects of glucocorticoid on ILC2s in asthma patients. Our objective was to perform a perspective study and evaluate the ILC2 activity after glucocorticoid therapy in asthma patients. METHODS: The asthma and asthma with allergic rhinitis patients were treated with glucocorticoid for 3 months. The circulating ILC2 levels were evaluated. The effects of glucocorticoid on ILC2s and possible signalling pathways were investigated in vitro. RESULTS: The patients were well-controlled, and the high ILC2 levels were significantly decreased at 1 and 3 months after treatment. Peripheral blood monocytes from allergic patients produced dramatic IL-5, IL-13 and IL-9 in response to IL-25, IL-33 plus IL-2, and glucocorticoid significantly decreased their levels. Moreover, ILC2s were identified to be the predominant source of IL-5, IL-13 and IL-9, and glucocorticoid treatment was able to reverse their high levels. STAT3, STAT5, STAT6, JAK3 and MEK signalling pathways were proved to be involved in regulating ILC2 activity under the glucocorticoid treatment. CONCLUSION: The data suggested that glucocorticoid administration could be effective in treating asthma by regulating ILC2s via MEK/JAK-STAT signalling pathways. This provides a new understanding of glucocorticoid application in regard to allergic diseases.
Asunto(s)
Asma/inmunología , Asma/metabolismo , Glucocorticoides/farmacología , Inmunidad Innata , Subgrupos Linfocitarios/inmunología , Subgrupos Linfocitarios/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Antiasmáticos/farmacología , Antiasmáticos/uso terapéutico , Asma/diagnóstico , Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Citocinas/metabolismo , Femenino , Glucocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina E/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Recuento de Linfocitos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The temporal and spatial expression of the period gene of Drosophila melanogaster has been analyzed by examining the expression of a per beta-galactosidase fusion gene in transformants and by in situ hybridization experiments with wild-type flies. Several strains of Drosophila melanogaster, transformed with the fusion gene, have been generated. The gene is active in mid-late embryos in the midline of the nervous system. Thereafter, beta-galactosidase activity is undetectable until the pupal stage when the prothoracic gland-corpora allata and the optic lobes are beta-galactosidase positive. In adults a surprisingly large number of tissues stain positively, including antennae, proboscis, eyes, optic lobes, cells of the central brain, cells of the thoracic ganglia, gut, Malpighian tubules, and ovarian follicle cells. The temporal pattern of expression agrees well with previous estimates made from developmental Northern blots with RNA extracted from wild-type animals. We suggest that many of the tissues that express the per gene contain their own intrinsic oscillator activity.