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AIM: The objective of the current study was to assess and compare the impact of triple antibiotic paste (TAP) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) with rosmarinic acid (RA) on the viability of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dental pulp stem cells were isolated and characterized using flow cytometry. The cells were treated with (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL) concentrations for TAP and Ca(OH)2 and (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM) concentrations for RA. Cell viability was evaluated after 3 days, with cell proliferation further analyzed over 3, 5, and 7 days utilizing the MTT assay. The optical density (OD) was quantified at 570 nm, subsequently enabling the determination of corrected OD and cell viability. ANOVA followed by the post hoc Tuckey test evaluated the statistical significance at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Following the cell viability test, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL of TAP and Ca(OH)2 showed no significant difference for DPSCs compared to the control group. While dosages of 1 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL significantly reduced cell viability (p < 0.05). However, 6.25 µM and 12.5 µM concentrations of RA showed a significant increase in cell viability compared to untreated cells, 25 µM and 50 µM concentrations showed no significant difference compared to untreated cells while 100 µM concentration showed a decrease in cell viability (p < 0.05). Moreover, RA at a concentration of 12.5 µM exhibited a significant enhancement in cell proliferation rates after 5 and 7 days. CONCLUSION: Rosmarinic acid showed a significant increase in cell viability when used at 6.25 and 12.5 µM concentrations compared to TAP and CA(OH)2. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The assessment of cytotoxicity associated with bioactive compounds like RA, which processes antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, holds importance. This evaluation could pave the way for novel intracanal medicaments that enhance the regenerative potential of DPSCs.

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AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of glycyrrhizin, as a potential therapeutic agent in endodontic surgery, on the proliferation and viability of diabetic human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diabetic human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) were isolated and characterized by flow cytometry. The cells were treated with different concentrations of Glycyrrhizin (Gly) (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL) and 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the control group. MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cell proliferation and viability after 24, 48, and 72 hours of the cell treatment with Gly. The optical density (OD) was measured at 570 nm. Each assay was repeated three times. The corrected OD and cell viability were determined. ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test evaluated the statistical significance at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Flow cytometric analysis of the isolated cells showed positive expression of mesenchymal markers (CD105 and CD90) and negative expression of hematopoietic markers (CD34 and CD14). After 24 and 48 hours of cell treatment, Gly in 100 µg/mL concentration significantly decreased the diabetic hBM-MSC proliferation as compared with the control (p < 0.05). Gly in 12.5-50 µg/mL concentrations significantly increased the cell proliferation after 72 hours of treatment as compared with the control (p < 0.05). The diabetic hBM-MSC proliferation and viability at 12.5-50 µg/mL concentrations were significantly greater than that at 100 µg/mL concentration (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Under the present study conditions, Gly (in 12.5-50 µg/mL concentrations) did not show cytotoxicity to diabetic hBM-MSCs and enhanced their proliferation. Gly may represent a potential therapeutic agent in endodontic surgery in diabetic patients. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Preclinical assessment of Gly effects on diabetic hBM-MSCs is important for determining its effective concentration range, anticipating its therapeutic potential, and designing future in vivo studies.

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In the context of climate change and the circular economy, biochar has recently found many applications in various sectors as a versatile and recycled material. Here, we review application of biochar-based for carbon sink, covering agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, environmental remediation, construction, and energy storage. The ultimate storage reservoirs for biochar are soils, civil infrastructure, and landfills. Biochar-based fertilisers, which combine traditional fertilisers with biochar as a nutrient carrier, are promising in agronomy. The use of biochar as a feed additive for animals shows benefits in terms of animal growth, gut microbiota, reduced enteric methane production, egg yield, and endo-toxicant mitigation. Biochar enhances anaerobic digestion operations, primarily for biogas generation and upgrading, performance and sustainability, and the mitigation of inhibitory impurities. In composts, biochar controls the release of greenhouse gases and enhances microbial activity. Co-composted biochar improves soil properties and enhances crop productivity. Pristine and engineered biochar can also be employed for water and soil remediation to remove pollutants. In construction, biochar can be added to cement or asphalt, thus conferring structural and functional advantages. Incorporating biochar in biocomposites improves insulation, electromagnetic radiation protection and moisture control. Finally, synthesising biochar-based materials for energy storage applications requires additional functionalisation.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical status and radiographic and densitometric peri-implant tissue changes as parameters for the success or failure of 40 mandibular implants supporting intracoronal mandibular Kennedy Class I removable partial overdentures in a 2-year prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty consecutively treated men who received mandibular implants bilaterally to support an intracoronal Kennedy Class I removable partial overdenture were selected. Plaque and gingival bleeding indices, probing pocket depths, marginal bone loss, and bone mineral density were recorded. Bone loss and density were assessed through intraoral periapical radiographs and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, respectively. Data were recorded at the time of overdenture insertion and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months later. RESULTS: Two implants failed, resulting in a success rate of 95% after 24 months. The plaque and gingival bleeding indices changed significantly between the different observational periods. Within the physiologic limit, there were detrimental effects on both marginal bone levels and probing pocket depths. Meanwhile, the bone mineral density around the implants increased significantly in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, mandibular implants supporting an intracoronal Kennedy Class I removable partial overdenture can be recommended as a viable treatment modality for rehabilitation of patients with partial bilateral mandibular posterior edentulism.

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Many drainage schemes and salinity control projects have been executed world wide. Pipe drainage has widely been used in Pakistan, Egypt and India to control waterlogging. The impact of pipe drainage on land and water was evaluated in this paper using data of three pipe drainage projects in Pakistan namely Khushab Salinity Control and Reclamation Project, Fourth Drainage Project in Faisalabad and Swabi Salinity Control and Reclamation Project. Data by regular monitoring of these projects were collected. The effect of pipe drainage on water table depth at these three locations has been compared. Water quality and soil salinity improvement due to the pipe drainage has also been investigated. Data, related to water table depths and discharges from drain pipes/wells, was collected. Observation wells, installed at various places by the Water and Power Development Authority, were used for collection of this data. To evaluate the impact of the projects on salinity, soil samples from all the three locations were tested. A questionnaire was prepared to get the view of the people about the projects. It was revealed that in these areas, due to subsurface pipe drainage, the percentage of the abandoned land has been considerably decreased. Over drainage was observed in a few places of the projects. The farmers at such places were asked to change their cropping patterns. Ultimately, there has been an increase in area under cultivation, crop yields and cropping intensity in the projects' area.

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Waterlogging and salinity due to seepage from canals have polluted land and environment in various parts of Pakistan. A sustainable environment requires urgent remedial measures for this problem. The research in this paper presents the impacts of the Fourth Drainage Project, Faisalabad on the twin problem of waterlogging and salinity. Monitoring of the project was made on regular basis. The key performance indicators for the project include the lowering of water table, improvement of water quality and soil salinity, increase in area under cultivation, cropping intensity, and socioeconomic status of the project population. Data regarding water levels and discharge from the drain pipes were collected to monitor the impact on waterlogging. Soil samples were tested to evaluate the impact of drainage on land. It has been found that the percentage of the contaminated land in the project area has considerably been decreased, while the cropping intensities have been increased.

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