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Complicated chemical reactions occur in the decoction of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) which features complex components, influencing the safety, efficacy, and quality controllability of TCMs. Therefore, it is particularly important to clarify the chemical reaction mechanism of TCMs in the decoction. This study summarized eight typical chemical reactions in the decoction of TCMs, such as substitution reaction, redox reaction, isomerization/stereoselective reaction, complexation, and supramolecular reaction. With the "toxicity attenuation and efficiency enhancement" of aconitines and other examples, this study reviewed the reactions in decoction of TCMs, which was expected to clarify the variation mechanisms of key chemical components in this process and to help guide medicine preparation and safe and rational use of medicine in clinical settings. The current main research methods for chemical reaction mechanisms of decoction of TCMs were also summed up and compared. The novel real-time analysis device of decoction system for TCMs was found to be efficient and simple without the pre-treatment of samples. This device provides a promising solution, which has great potential in quantity evaluation and control of TCMs. Moreover, it is expected to become a foundational and exemplary research tool, which can advance the research in this field.

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Complicated chemical reactions occur in the decoction of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) which features complex components, influencing the safety, efficacy, and quality controllability of TCMs. Therefore, it is particularly important to clarify the chemical reaction mechanism of TCMs in the decoction. This study summarized eight typical chemical reactions in the decoction of TCMs, such as substitution reaction, redox reaction, isomerization/stereoselective reaction, complexation, and supramolecular reaction. With the "toxicity attenuation and efficiency enhancement" of aconitines and other examples, this study reviewed the reactions in decoction of TCMs, which was expected to clarify the variation mechanisms of key chemical components in this process and to help guide medicine preparation and safe and rational use of medicine in clinical settings. The current main research methods for chemical reaction mechanisms of decoction of TCMs were also summed up and compared. The novel real-time analysis device of decoction system for TCMs was found to be efficient and simple without the pre-treatment of samples. This device provides a promising solution, which has great potential in quantity evaluation and control of TCMs. Moreover, it is expected to become a foundational and exemplary research tool, which can advance the research in this field.

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Oxygen-containing organics, which are generated from the selective oxidation of their corresponding hydrocarbons, have high value in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. However, their oxidation reactions are very challenging as the products are more active than the substrates, especially for the oxidation of cyclohexane (CHA). Herein, we focused on the one-step preparation of Bi2WO6 with double active sites of tunable metallic Bi and oxygen vacancies (OV-Bi/Bi2WO6) by a facile solvothermal treatment. Then, OV-Bi/Bi2WO6 was used as an efficient photocatalyst for the partial oxidation of CHA to cyclohexanone (CHA-one) for the first time in air as an oxidant under solvent-free and room temperature conditions. The Bi : Bi2WO6 ratio in the as-prepared OV-Bi/Bi2WO6 heterojunction could be tailored from 0.08 to 8.43 by controlling the solvothermal temperature, and the synergistic effect between DMF and EG could increase the reduction of MDF/EG and promote the production of Bi. Moreover, OV-Bi/Bi2WO6-160 yielded 4.4 and 8.8 times more CHA-one (128.8 µmol) than pure Bi2WO6 and metallic Bi, respectively, and achieved 93.6% selectivity to CHA-one in air as an oxidant under solvent-free conditions. The results revealed that the highly enhanced photocatalytic activity was mainly attributed to the superior specific surface area, outstanding photo-absorption, abundant oxygen vacancies, and efficient electron-hole separation. Moreover, for the unique double active sites in OV-Bi/Bi2WO6, oxygen vacancies can enhance the adsorption and activation capacity of Bi2WO6 for O2, while metallic Bi can improve the adsorption and activation capacity of Bi2WO6 for CHA. Meanwhile, OV-Bi/Bi2WO6 also exhibited excellent durability due to the strong interaction between metallic Bi and Bi2WO6. The present work provides a flexible approach for tailoring the Bi : Bi2WO6 ratio and outlines an effective method for producing CHA-one from CHA under mild conditions.

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Nano-Si has been long-hampered in its use for practical lithium battery anodes due to its intrinsic high surface area. To improve the Coulombic efficiency and areal mass loading, we extend the starting materials from nano-Si to photovoltaic waste Si powders (∼1.5 µm). Unique morphology design and interfacial engineering are designed to overcome the particle fracture of micrometer Si. First, we develop a Cu-assisted chemical wet-etching method to prepare micrometer-size bulk-porous Si (MBPS), which provides interconnected porous space to accommodate volume expansion. In addition, a monolithic, multicore, interacting MBPS/carbonized polyacrylonitrile (c-PAN) electrode with strong interfacial Si-N-C is designed to improve the interparticle electrical conductivity during volume expansion and shrinkage. Furthermore, intermediate Si nanocrystals are well-maintained during the lithiation of MBPS, which facilitates the reversibility of lithiation-delithiation process. As a result, the MBPS/c-PAN electrodes exhibit a reversible specific capacity of 2126 mAh g-1 with a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 92%. Moreover, even after increasing the capacity loading to 3.4 mAh cm-2, the well-designed electrode shows a capacity retention of 94% in the first 50 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g-1 with deep lithiation and delithiation processes between 0.005 and 2.5 V.

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Substance flow analysis was used to construct a model to analyze change traits of China's phosphorous (P) consumption structure from 1980 to 2008 and their influences on environmental phosphorous loads, then the correlation between several socioeconomic factors and phosphorous consumption pollution was investigated. It is found that phosphorous nutrient inputs of urban life and rural life on a per capita level climbed to 1.20 kg x a(-1) and 0.99 kg x a(-1) from 0.83 kg x a(-1) and 0.75 kg x a(-1) respectively, but phosphorous recycling ratios of urban life fell to 15.6% from 62.6%. P inputs of animal husbandry and planting also kept increasing, but the recycling ratio of the former decreased from 67.5% to 40.5%, meanwhile much P input of the latter was left in agricultural soil. Correlation coefficients were all above 0.90, indicating that population, urbanization level, development levels of planting and animal husbandry were important incentives for P consumption pollution in China. Environmental Kuznets curve showed that China still stayed in the early development stage, promoting economic growth at an expense of environmental quality. This study demonstrates that China's P consumption system is being transformed into a linear and open structure, and that P nutrient loss and environmental P loads increase continually.

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OBJECTIVE: To study the oral chronic toxicity of 97% isopropyl thioxanthone (97% ITX) in rats, determine the no-observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL). METHODS: Four groups of rats were fed with foodstuff containing 97% ITX in the dosage of 1000.0, 250.0, 62.5 mg/kg respectively for 2 years. The general behavior, body weight, food availability ect. were observed during the experiment. At the end of the experiment, blood and urine samples were collected for routine and biochemical assays. The internal organs were taken for calculating their organ coefficients and histopathological examinations. RESULTS: During the experimental period, no obvious abnormality were found in the experimental animals. The body weight and the total food availability rate in the high dosage group of male were lower than that of control (P < 0.05). Hematology examination showed that the quantity of Hb and RBC in high dosage groups of both the male and female and Hb in the male middle group were all lower than the control group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Analysis of correlation indicated that r = -0.433, P < 0.01 in male, r = -0.337, P < 0.01 in female of Hb; r = -0.266, P < 0.05 in male, r = -0.317, P < 0.01 in female of RBC. There were obviously negative correlation. Serum biochemistry examination showed the concentration of CHO in the high and middle dosage treated rats of male and female were higher than that of the control (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Analysis of correlation indicated that r = 0.497, P < 0.01 in male, r = 0.417, P < 0.01 in female. No abnormality were found in urine examination. The organ weight and organ coefficient such as liver, were higher than control group (P < 0.01). The result of histopathological examinations displayed that the renal tubule Cast and the tubulointerstitial nephritis in the treated groups were higher than that of control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: 97% ITX could obviously interfere with the animals' physical condition, and reduce the number of RBC and the concentration of Hb in the blood, interact metabolism of lipoid and induce the concentration of CHO in the serum. The livers of the treated rats are compensatory enlarged. And kidneys of the poisoning animals are damaged. The 2 years oral NOAEL of 97% ITX in rats are more than 4.63 mg/kg for female rats, and larger than 4.06 mg/kg for male rats.

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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the oral chronic toxicity of 97% isopropyl thioxanthone (97% ITX) in rats, determine the no-observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Four groups of rats were fed with foodstuff containing 97% ITX in the dosage of 1000.0, 250.0, 62.5 mg/kg respectively for 2 years. The general behavior, body weight, food availability ect. were observed during the experiment. At the end of the experiment, blood and urine samples were collected for routine and biochemical assays. The internal organs were taken for calculating their organ coefficients and histopathological examinations.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During the experimental period, no obvious abnormality were found in the experimental animals. The body weight and the total food availability rate in the high dosage group of male were lower than that of control (P < 0.05). Hematology examination showed that the quantity of Hb and RBC in high dosage groups of both the male and female and Hb in the male middle group were all lower than the control group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Analysis of correlation indicated that r = -0.433, P < 0.01 in male, r = -0.337, P < 0.01 in female of Hb; r = -0.266, P < 0.05 in male, r = -0.317, P < 0.01 in female of RBC. There were obviously negative correlation. Serum biochemistry examination showed the concentration of CHO in the high and middle dosage treated rats of male and female were higher than that of the control (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Analysis of correlation indicated that r = 0.497, P < 0.01 in male, r = 0.417, P < 0.01 in female. No abnormality were found in urine examination. The organ weight and organ coefficient such as liver, were higher than control group (P < 0.01). The result of histopathological examinations displayed that the renal tubule Cast and the tubulointerstitial nephritis in the treated groups were higher than that of control group (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>97% ITX could obviously interfere with the animals' physical condition, and reduce the number of RBC and the concentration of Hb in the blood, interact metabolism of lipoid and induce the concentration of CHO in the serum. The livers of the treated rats are compensatory enlarged. And kidneys of the poisoning animals are damaged. The 2 years oral NOAEL of 97% ITX in rats are more than 4.63 mg/kg for female rats, and larger than 4.06 mg/kg for male rats.</p>

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