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In aquaculture worldwide, most of the chemotherapeutic agents used for disease control and treatment are unregulated chemical products derived from agriculture. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of therapeutic baths with albendazole against the monogeneans Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri, which infest the gills of Colossoma macropomum, and the hematological and histopathological effects of this anthelmintic agent on these fish. Albendazole at a concentration of 500 mg/L was used in three baths of 24 hours each, with intervals of 24 hours between these baths. Three replications of this treatment were used, and the control group consisted of water from the cultivation tank. Afterwards, hematological, histopathological and parasitological analyses were conducted. We found that the therapeutic baths with albendazole at 500 mg/L presented high efficacy (94.9%) against monogeneans de C. macropomum and caused few physiological or histopathological alterations. Therefore, baths with albendazole at 500 mg/L, as used in this strategy, can be recommended for controlling and treating infections by monogeneans in C. macropomum.

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Myxozoans are obligatory parasites and can be found in various organs and bloodstreams of fish, thus, the objective of this work was to describe the occurrence of Myxobolus spp. in the circulating blood of Metynnis lippincottianus from River Curiaú, Macapá City, eastern Amazon, Brazil. The samples of M. lippincottianus (11) were caught using cast net and gillnets. The fish blood was collected by puncturing the caudal vessel, using needles and syringes containing 10% of EDTA solution. Blood smear were prepared and panchromatic stained with a combination of May Grunwald-Giemsa-Wright, for observation and examination of the parasitic structures in optical microscope. Tissues from the kidney was examined using specific stereoscopic binoculars to check for the presence of cysts, lesions and parasites. The prevalence of Myxobolus spp. infecting the circulating blood of the fish was 36.36% (4/11) and 15 spores of mixosporyds were visualized. Myxobolus spp. had a prevalence of 54.55% (6/11) in host's kidney tissue and the morphometric spores data converge with observed in the blood. The morphological characteristics of the spores in the blood samples revealed two morphotypes of Myxobolus spp. This is the sixth occurrence recorded of Myxobolus spp. infecting fish blood in Brazil.

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PURPOSE: This study investigated the anthelmintic efficacy of therapeutic baths with the essential oil of Piper marginatum Jacq against the monogeneans Anacanthorus spathulatus Kritsky, Thatcher & Kayton, 1979, Notozothecium janauachensis Belmont-Jégu, Domingues & Laterça 2004, Mymarothecium boegeri Cohen & Kohn, 2005 and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni Thatcher & Krytsky, 1983 in Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818, and its hematological and histopathological effects on this fish. METHODS: Short six therapeutic baths with 100 mg/L of the essential oil of P. marginatum and two control groups (water from the cultivation tank and water from the cultivation tank + 70% alcohol) were used for 20 min every two days. RESULTS: The therapeutic baths with 100 mg/L of the essential oil of P. marginatum had efficacy of 42.8% against monogeneans of C. macropomum gills. Toxicity was low for C. macropomum, because there were few physiological and histopathological changes that did not compromise the functioning of the gills of this fish. CONCLUSION: Short therapeutic baths with 100 mg/L of the essential oil of P. marginatum had low efficacy for controlling monogeneans in C. macropomum and thus cannot be recommended.

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This study investigated for the first time the effectiveness of therapeutic baths with essential oil (EO) of Piper hispidum against monogeneans Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis, Mymarothecium boegeri and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni from the gills of Colossoma macropomum, as well as the hematological and histological effects on this fish. In therapeutic baths, 100 mg/L of P. hispidum essential oil and two control groups (water from the culture tank and water from the culture tank with 70% alcohol) were exposed for 1 h/day, with intervals of 48 hours for 3 days, and three replicates each were used. Therapeutic baths with 100 mg/L of P. hispidum essential oil had an efficacy of 78.6% against monogeneans. The toxicity of this essential oil was low, since there were a few physiological and histopathological changes that did not compromise the functioning of the gills of the fish. Therefore, 100 mg/L of P. hispidum essential oil was effective for controlling monogeneans in C. macropomum, when short therapeutic baths were used without compromising the health of the exposed fish.

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This study evaluated the efficacy of therapeutic baths with Carapa guianensis (andiroba) oil against monogeneans of Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui), as well as the hematological and histological effects on fish. Among the fatty acids identified in C. guianensis oil, oleic acid (53.4%) and palmitic acid (28.7%) were the major compounds, and four limonoids were also identified. Therapeutic baths of 1 hour were performed for five consecutive days, and there was no fish mortality in any of the treatments. Therapeutic baths using 500 mg/L of C. guianensis oil had an anthelmintic efficacy of 91.4% against monogeneans. There was increase of total plasma protein and glucose, number of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes and number of monocytes and decrease in mean corpuscular volume. Histological changes such as epithelium detachment, hyperplasia, lamellar fusion and aneurysm were found in the gills of tambaqui from all treatments, including controls with water of culture tank and water of culture tank plus iso-propyl alcohol. Therapeutic baths with 500 mg/L of C. guianensis oil showed high efficacy and caused few physiological changes capable of compromising fish gill function. Results indicate that C. guianensis oil has an anthelmintic potential for control and treatment of infections by monogeneans in tambaqui.

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This study evaluated the efficacy of therapeutic baths with Carapa guianensis (andiroba) oil against monogeneans of Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui), as well as the hematological and histological effects on fish. Among the fatty acids identified in C. guianensis oil, oleic acid (53.4%) and palmitic acid (28.7%) were the major compounds, and four limonoids were also identified. Therapeutic baths of 1 hour were performed for five consecutive days, and there was no fish mortality in any of the treatments. Therapeutic baths using 500 mg/L of C. guianensis oil had an anthelmintic efficacy of 91.4% against monogeneans. There was increase of total plasma protein and glucose, number of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes and number of monocytes and decrease in mean corpuscular volume. Histological changes such as epithelium detachment, hyperplasia, lamellar fusion and aneurysm were found in the gills of tambaqui from all treatments, including controls with water of culture tank and water of culture tank plus iso-propyl alcohol. Therapeutic baths with 500 mg/L of C. guianensis oil showed high efficacy and caused few physiological changes capable of compromising fish gill function. Results indicate that C. guianensis oil has an anthelmintic potential for control and treatment of infections by monogeneans in tambaqui.(AU)

Avaliou-se a eficácia de banhos terapêuticos com óleo de Carapa guianensis (andiroba) contra monogenéticos de Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui), bem como os efeitos hematológicos e histológicos. Dentre os ácidos graxos identificados no óleo de C. guianensis, ácido oleico (53,4%) e ácido palmítico (28,7%) foram os compostos majoritários, e quatro limonoides também foram identificados. Banhos terapêuticos de 1 hora foram realizados por cinco dias consecutivos, não havendo mortalidade de peixes em nenhum dos tratamentos. Banhos terapêuticos, com 500 mg/L de óleo de C. guianensis, apresentaram eficácia de 91,4% contra monogenéticos. Houve aumento dos níveis plasmáticos de proteína total e glicose, número de eritrócitos, trombócitos, leucócitos, linfócitos e número de monócitos e diminuição do volume corpuscular médio. Alterações histológicas, como descolamento do epitélio, hiperplasia, fusão lamelar e aneurisma, foram encontradas nas brânquias de tambaqui de todos os tratamentos, incluindo os controles com água do tanque de cultivo e água do tanque de cultivo + álcool isopropílico. Banhos terapêuticos com 500 mg/L de óleo de C. guianensis mostraram alta eficácia e causaram poucas alterações fisiológicas capazes de comprometer a função branquial dos peixes. Esses resultados indicam que o óleo de C. guianensis apresenta potencial anti-helmíntico para controle e tratamento de infecções causadas por monogenéticos em tambaqui.(AU)

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This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Mansoa alliacea hydroalcoholic extracts on growth, blood and immune parameters of Arapaima gigas. Fish were fed for 30 days with diets enriched with 0, 4, 8, and 12 g kg-1 of M. alliacea hydroalcoholic extract and subjected to infection with Aeromonas hydrophila and handling stress. Fish fed with 8 g kg-1 of extract showed significant increase in final weight, specific growth rate and feed efficiency when compared to the other groups. Glucose, triglycerides, total proteins, and globulins increased significantly in fish fed with 8 g kg-1 of extract, whereas albumin decreased. The number of thrombocytes increased significantly with the dietary supplementation of 8 and 12 g kg-1 of extract. After the challenge with A. hydrophila and handling stress, fish fed with 8 g kg-1 of extract had significantly higher levels of glucose, globulins, and albumins, and fish fed with 8 and 12 g kg-1 of extract showed an increment of respiratory burst. Triglyceride levels dropped significantly in fish fed with 4, 8, and 12 g kg-1 of extract, whereas the number of neutrophils increased, and total thrombocytes, leukocytes and lymphocytes were higher in fish fed with 12 g kg-1 of extract. Dietary supplementation with M. alliacea extract at 8 g kg-1 was efficient in improving the growth and innate immunity of A. gigas, being potentially useful in fish farming to control the development of A. hydrophila infections.(AU)

Investigou-se os efeitos da suplementação com extrato hidroalcólico de Mansoa alliacea sobre o crescimento e parâmetros sanguíneos e imunológicos de Arapaima gigas. Os peixes foram alimentados por 30 dias com dietas enriquecidas com 0, 4, 8 e 12 g kg-1 de extrato hidroalcoólico de M. alliacea e submetidos à infecção por Aeromonas hydrophila e estresse de manejo. Os peixes alimentados com 8 g kg-1 de extrato apresentaram aumento significativo no peso final, taxa de crescimento específico e eficiência alimentar quando comparados aos demais grupos. Glicose, triglicerídeos, proteínas totais e globulinas aumentaram significativamente nos peixes alimentados com 8 g kg-1 de extrato, enquanto a albumina diminuiu. O número de trombócitos aumentou significativamente com a suplementação dietética de 8 e 12 g kg-1 de extrato. Após infecção com A. hydrophila e estresse de manejo, os peixes alimentados com 8 g kg-1 de extrato apresentaram níveis significativamente mais altos de glicose, globulinas e albuminas, e os peixes alimentados com 8 e 12 g kg-1 de extrato apresentaram incremento de explosão respiratória. Os níveis de triglicerídeos decresceram nos peixes alimentados com 4, 8 e 12 g kg-1 de extrato, enquanto o número de neutrófilos aumentou, e o número total de trombócitos, leucócitos e linfócitos foi maior nos peixes alimentados com 12 g kg-1 de extrato. A suplementação com a 8 g kg-1 de extrato de M. alliacea foi eficiente em melhorar o crescimento e a imunidade inata de A. gigas, sendo potencialmente útil na piscicultura para controlar o desenvolvimento de infecções por A. hydrophila.(AU)

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Knowledge of suitable methods and reagents for assessing the health condition of specimens of a given species is essential. The present study evaluated the efficacy of the heparin anticoagulants 5,000 I.U. mL-1, Na2EDTA, and K3EDTA on the blood parameters of yellow-spotted amazon river turtle Podocnemis unifilis, employing different solutions for red blood cells count. The use of the various anticoagulants evaluated after 10 hours of storage efficiently inhibited coagulation in blood samples from P. unifilis. An increased number of erythrocytes was observed with the use of K3EDTA 5% when compared with heparin. Statistically significant changes in the erythrocyte number were observed with the use of the different solutions. Solutions which featured sodium citrate and formaldehyde in their composition, allowed erythrocytes counting up to 120 hours after blood collection, without a change in values. The use of the heparin anticoagulants 5,000 I.U. mL-1, Na2EDTA 3%, Na2EDTA 5%, K3EDTA 3% was recommended in the hematological analysis of P. unifilis. Also recommended was the use of the formaldehyde-citrate solution containing 1.9 g of sodium citrate and 1.0 mL of formaldehyde (in 50 mL of distilled water) to perform red blood cells counts in yellow-spotted amazon river turtle.

O conhecimento sobre métodos e reagentes apropriados para as avaliações da condição de saúde de exemplares de determinada espécie é fundamental. Este estudo avaliou a eficácia dos anticoagulantes heparina 5.000 U.I. mL-1, Na2EDTA (3% e 5%), e K3EDTA (3 e 5%) em parâmetros sanguíneos de tracajá (Podocnemis unifilis), bem como diferentes soluções para contagem de eritrócitos totais. A coagulação foi eficientemente inibida nas amostras de sangue de P. unifilis com o uso dos diferentes anticoagulantes avaliados após 10 horas de armazenamento. Maior número de eritrócitos com o uso de K3EDTA 5% foi observado quando comparado com a coleta de sangue realizada com heparina. Diferenças, estatisticamente significativas, entre as contagens de eritrócitos com o uso das diferentes soluções de reagentes avaliadas foram verificadas. As soluções contendo citrato de sódio e formol na composição possibilitaram contagens de eritrócitos até 120 horas após a coleta, sem alteração em seus valores. Recomenda-se o uso dos anticoagulantes heparina 5000 U.I. mL-¹, Na2EDTA 3%, Na2EDTA 5%, K3EDTA 3% nas análises hematológicas de tracajá. Assim como o uso da solução de formol-citrato contendo 1,9 g de citrato de sódio e 1,0 mL de formol (em 50 mL de água destilada) para realização das contagens de eritrócitos totais em tracajá.

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This study investigated the weight-length relationship, plasma biochemical and hematological parameters in Osteoglossum bicirrhosum from the Preto River, in the State of Amapá (Brazil). The weight-length relationship showed a negative allometric growth, with the value of the regression constant (b) equal to 2.539. The relative condition factor (1.00 ± 0.02) indicated good body conditions of fish in their natural environment. In the blood smears of O. bicirrhosum (616.2 ± 209.1 g), erythrocytes, thrombocytes and leukocytes were found with morphological characteristics similar to those of other Brazilian fish. Mean glucose levels were: 46.5 ± 14.6 mg dL-1 (27.1-95.8); total protein 4.2 ± 0.6 g dL-1 (2.3-5.3); total cholesterol 303.9 ± 140.4 mg dL-1 (81.6-718.4); triglycerides 244.8 ± 57.5 mg dL-1(76.2-361.9); total erythrocytes 2.75 ± 0.37 x 106 μL-1 (1.940-3.350); hemoglobin 8.8 ± 1.2 g dL-1 (6.3-13.0); hematocrit 26.6 ± 2.3% (21.0-32.0); mean corpuscular volume 98.6 ± 15.8 fL-1 (72.4-149.5); mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 32.9 ± 3.9 g dL-1 (23.4-44.8); total thrombocytes 90,816 ± 58,888 μL-1 (14,760-210,250); total leukocytes 75,287 ± 34,546 μL-1 (10,290-191,475); lymphocytes 72,555 ± 33,046 μL-1 (10,084-181,901) and 96.5 ± 2.5%(87-100); monocytes 1734 ± 1683 μL-1 (0-7.308) and 2.3 ± 1.8% (0-7); neutrophils 915 ± 1435 μL-1 (0-6.518) and 1.1 ± 1.5% (0-7), eosinophils 63 ± 225 μL-1 (0-960) and 0.1 ± 0.3% (0-1). Therefore, lymphocytes were the predominant leukocytes, while eosinophils were the least frequent. This was the first report of leukocytes and biochemical parameters for O. bicirrhosum. Lastly, it was established reference blood values that can be used as interpretative data obtained for this species when under similar environmental conditions.

Este estudo investigou a relação peso-comprimento, parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos e hematológicos em Osteoglossum bicirrhosum provenientes do Rio Preto, no estado do Amapá (Brasil). A equação relação peso-comprimento mostrou crescimento do tipo alométrico negativo, com valor da constante de regressão (b) igual 2,539. O fator de condição relativa (1,00 ± 0,02) indicou boas condições corporais dos peixes em seu ambiente natural. Nas extensões sanguíneas de O. bicirrhosum (616,2 ± 209,1 g) foram encontrados eritrócitos, trombócitos e leucócitos com características morfológicas similares a de outros peixes teleósteos brasileiros. Os níveis médios de glicose foram: 46,5 ± 14,6 mg dL-1 (27,1-95,8); proteína total 4,2 ± 0,6 g dL-1 (2,3-5,3); colesterol total 303,9 ± 140,4 mg dL-1 (81,6-718,4); triglicerídeos 244,8 ± 57,5 mg dL-1 (76,2-361,9); eritrócitos totais 2,75 ± 0,37 x 106 μL-1 (1,940-3,350); hemoglobina 8,8 ± 1,2 g dL-1 (6,3-13,0); hematócrito 26,6 ± 2,3% (21,0-32,0); volume corpuscular médio 98,6 ± 15,8 fL-1(72,4-149,5); concentração da hemoglobina corpuscular média 32,9 ± 3,9 g dL-1 (23,4-44,8); trombócitos totais 90,816 ± 58,888 μL-1 (14.760-210.250); leucócitos totais 75,287 ± 34,546 μL-1 (10,290-191,475); linfócitos 72 555 ± 33 046 μL-1 (10,084-181,901) e 96,5 ± 2,5% (87-100); monócitos 1734 1683 μL-1 (0-7,308) e 2,3 ± 1,8% (0-7); neutrófilos 915 ± 1435 μL-1 (0-6,518) e 1,1 ± 1,5% (0-7), eosinófilos 63 ± 225 μL-1(0-960) e 0,1 ± 0,3% (0-1). Portanto, linfócitos foram os leucócitos predominantes, enquanto eosinófilos foram os menos frequentes. Esse foi o primeiro relato de parâmetros leucocitários e bioquímicos para O. bicirrhosum. Por fim, foram estabelecidos valores sanguíneos de referência que podem ser utilizados como dados interpretativos para esta espécie em condições ambientais semelhantes.

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This study investigated the weight-length relationship, plasma biochemical and hematological parameters in Osteoglossum bicirrhosum from the Preto River, in the State of Amapá (Brazil). The weight-length relationship showed a negative allometric growth, with the value of the regression constant (b) equal to 2.539. The relative condition factor (1.00 ± 0.02) indicated good body conditions of fish in their natural environment. In the blood smears of O. bicirrhosum (616.2 ± 209.1 g), erythrocytes, thrombocytes and leukocytes were found with morphological characteristics similar to those of other Brazilian fish. Mean glucose levels were: 46.5 ± 14.6 mg dL-1 (27.1-95.8); total protein 4.2 ± 0.6 g dL-1 (2.3-5.3); total cholesterol 303.9 ± 140.4 mg dL-1 (81.6-718.4); triglycerides 244.8 ± 57.5 mg dL-1(76.2-361.9); total erythrocytes 2.75 ± 0.37 x 106 μL-1 (1.940-3.350); hemoglobin 8.8 ± 1.2 g dL-1 (6.3-13.0); hematocrit 26.6 ± 2.3% (21.0-32.0); mean corpuscular volume 98.6 ± 15.8 fL-1 (72.4-149.5); mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 32.9 ± 3.9 g dL-1 (23.4-44.8); total thrombocytes 90,816 ± 58,888 μL-1 (14,760-210,250); total leukocytes 75,287 ± 34,546 μL-1 (10,290-191,475); lymphocytes 72,555 ± 33,046 μL-1 (10,084-181,901) and 96.5 ± 2.5%(87-100); monocytes 1734 ± 1683 μL-1 (0-7.308) and 2.3 ± 1.8% (0-7); neutrophils 915 ± 1435 μL-1 (0-6.518) and 1.1 ± 1.5% (0-7), eosinophils 63 ± 225 μL-1 (0-960) and 0.1 ± 0.3% (0-1). Therefore, lymphocytes were the predominant leukocytes, while eosinophils were the least frequent. This was the first report of leukocytes and biochemical parameters for O. bicirrhosum. Lastly, it was established reference blood values that can be used as interpretative data obtained for this species when under similar environmental conditions.(AU)

Este estudo investigou a relação peso-comprimento, parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos e hematológicos em Osteoglossum bicirrhosum provenientes do Rio Preto, no estado do Amapá (Brasil). A equação relação peso-comprimento mostrou crescimento do tipo alométrico negativo, com valor da constante de regressão (b) igual 2,539. O fator de condição relativa (1,00 ± 0,02) indicou boas condições corporais dos peixes em seu ambiente natural. Nas extensões sanguíneas de O. bicirrhosum (616,2 ± 209,1 g) foram encontrados eritrócitos, trombócitos e leucócitos com características morfológicas similares a de outros peixes teleósteos brasileiros. Os níveis médios de glicose foram: 46,5 ± 14,6 mg dL-1 (27,1-95,8); proteína total 4,2 ± 0,6 g dL-1 (2,3-5,3); colesterol total 303,9 ± 140,4 mg dL-1 (81,6-718,4); triglicerídeos 244,8 ± 57,5 mg dL-1 (76,2-361,9); eritrócitos totais 2,75 ± 0,37 x 106 μL-1 (1,940-3,350); hemoglobina 8,8 ± 1,2 g dL-1 (6,3-13,0); hematócrito 26,6 ± 2,3% (21,0-32,0); volume corpuscular médio 98,6 ± 15,8 fL-1(72,4-149,5); concentração da hemoglobina corpuscular média 32,9 ± 3,9 g dL-1 (23,4-44,8); trombócitos totais 90,816 ± 58,888 μL-1 (14.760-210.250); leucócitos totais 75,287 ± 34,546 μL-1 (10,290-191,475); linfócitos 72 555 ± 33 046 μL-1 (10,084-181,901) e 96,5 ± 2,5% (87-100); monócitos 1734 1683 μL-1 (0-7,308) e 2,3 ± 1,8% (0-7); neutrófilos 915 ± 1435 μL-1 (0-6,518) e 1,1 ± 1,5% (0-7), eosinófilos 63 ± 225 μL-1(0-960) e 0,1 ± 0,3% (0-1). Portanto, linfócitos foram os leucócitos predominantes, enquanto eosinófilos foram os menos frequentes. Esse foi o primeiro relato de parâmetros leucocitários e bioquímicos para O. bicirrhosum. Por fim, foram estabelecidos valores sanguíneos de referência que podem ser utilizados como dados interpretativos para esta espécie em condições ambientais semelhantes.(AU)

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ABSTRACT The hematological and biochemical responses of pirarucu fingerlings (Arapaima gigas) fed with diets containing different concentrations of a glucomannan product derived from yeast and algae were evaluated in order to ascertain the effect of these diets on fish physiology. Four treatments were conducted, with three replications, with 12 fish in each tank. The product evaluated (MycosorbA+(r)) was incorporated into the commercial diet, at four concentrations: 0, 1, 2 and 4 g.kg-1, called M0%, M0.1%, M0.2% and M0.4%, respectively. After 45 days of feeding, blood samples from six fish in each replicate were collected to perform the analyses. Their weight and length were determined to calculate the condition factor and weight gain, but no differences (P > 0.05) were observed among the treatments. No changes to the hematocrit, hemoglobin or erythrocyte levels or to the hematimetric indices of the pirarucus were observed. The glucose and triglyceride levels of the pirarucus in the M0.1% and M0.2% groups were significantly lower than those of the M0% group. The M0.2% group showed higher albumin levels (P < 0.05) than M0% and M0.4%. The M0.4% group showed a total cholesterol level that was significantly higher than in all other treatments. MycosorbA+(r) contributed towards increasing the levels of defense cells in A. gigas. It would be possible to use this product at concentrations of between 0.1% and 0.2%, given that they increase the levels of some defense cells and plasma albumin concentrations, without changes to hematological parameters, cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels or condition factor.

RESUMO As características hematológicas e bioquímicas de alevinos de pirarucu Arapaima gigas alimentados com diferentes concentrações de mananoligossacarídeos derivados de leveduras e algas na dieta foram avaliadas para verificar o efeito sobre sua fisiologia. Quatro tratamentos foram conduzidos com três repetições (12 peixes em cada). O produto avaliado (MycosorbA+(r)) foi incorporado à ração comercial, em quatro níveis: 0, 1, 2 e 4 g kg-1 de ração, denominados M0%, M0,1%, M0,2% e M0,4%, respectivamente. Após 45 dias de alimentação, amostras de sangue de seis peixes de cada repetição foram coletadas para realização das análises. O peso e comprimento foram obtidos para cálculo do fator de condição e ganho de peso, entretanto, não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Assim como não foram observadas alterações nos valores de hematócrito, hemoglobina, eritrócitos e índices hematimétricos dos pirarucus. A concentração de glicose e triglicérides dos pirarucus dos grupos M0,1% e M0,2% foram significativamente menores que o tratamento M0%. Os peixes do tratamento M0,2% apresentaram níveis de albumina maior (P<0,05) que do M0% e M0,4%. Os peixes alimentados com M0,4% mostraram nível de colesterol total significativamente maior que todos os demais tratamentos. MycosorbA+(r) contribuiu para o aumento das células de defesa de A. gigas, podendo ser utilizado nas concentrações de 0,1% a 0,2%, devido ao aumento do número de certas células de defesa e dos níveis plasmáticos de albumina e por não ter sido observadas outras alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos, nos níveis plasmáticos de colesterol e triglicérides e no fator de condição.

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The hematological and biochemical responses of pirarucu fingerlings (Arapaima gigas) fed with diets containing different concentrations of a glucomannan product derived from yeast and algae were evaluated in order to ascertain the effect of these diets on fish physiology. Four treatments were conducted, with three replications, with 12 fish in each tank. The product evaluated (MycosorbA+(r)) was incorporated into the commercial diet, at four concentrations: 0, 1, 2 and 4 g.kg-1, called M0%, M0.1%, M0.2% and M0.4%, respectively. After 45 days of feeding, blood samples from six fish in each replicate were collected to perform the analyses. Their weight and length were determined to calculate the condition factor and weight gain, but no differences (P > 0.05) were observed among the treatments. No changes to the hematocrit, hemoglobin or erythrocyte levels or to the hematimetric indices of the pirarucus were observed. The glucose and triglyceride levels of the pirarucus in the M0.1% and M0.2% groups were significantly lower than those of the M0% group. The M0.2% group showed higher albumin levels (P < 0.05) than M0% and M0.4%. The M0.4% group showed a total cholesterol level that was significantly higher than in all other treatments. MycosorbA+(r) contributed towards increasing the levels of defense cells in A. gigas. It would be possible to use this product at concentrations of between 0.1% and 0.2%, given that they increase the levels of some defense cells and plasma albumin concentrations, without changes to hematological parameters, cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels or condition factor.(AU)

As características hematológicas e bioquímicas de alevinos de pirarucu Arapaima gigas alimentados com diferentes concentrações de mananoligossacarídeos derivados de leveduras e algas na dieta foram avaliadas para verificar o efeito sobre sua fisiologia. Quatro tratamentos foram conduzidos com três repetições (12 peixes em cada). O produto avaliado (MycosorbA+(r)) foi incorporado à ração comercial, em quatro níveis: 0, 1, 2 e 4 g kg-1 de ração, denominados M0%, M0,1%, M0,2% e M0,4%, respectivamente. Após 45 dias de alimentação, amostras de sangue de seis peixes de cada repetição foram coletadas para realização das análises. O peso e comprimento foram obtidos para cálculo do fator de condição e ganho de peso, entretanto, não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Assim como não foram observadas alterações nos valores de hematócrito, hemoglobina, eritrócitos e índices hematimétricos dos pirarucus. A concentração de glicose e triglicérides dos pirarucus dos grupos M0,1% e M0,2% foram significativamente menores que o tratamento M0%. Os peixes do tratamento M0,2% apresentaram níveis de albumina maior (P < 0,05) que do M0% e M0,4%. Os peixes alimentados com M0,4% mostraram nível de colesterol total significativamente maior que todos os demais tratamentos. MycosorbA+(r) contribuiu para o aumento das células de defesa de A. gigas, podendo ser utilizado nas concentrações de 0,1% a 0,2%, devido ao aumento do número de certas células de defesa e dos níveis plasmáticos de albumina e por não ter sido observadas outras alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos, nos níveis plasmáticos de colesterol e triglicérides e no fator de condição.(AU)

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RESUMEN

Este estudio comparó las características de la sangre de híbrido tambacu (Colossomamacropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus) tres criaderos piscícolas en Macapá, Estado deAmapá (Brasil), con gestiones similares. No se observaron diferencias en los niveles deoxígeno y pH del agua de los estanques en los criaderos piscícolas, pero el factor de condiciónmostró buenas condiciones corporales en los peces. En la sangre de los tambacus fueronidentificados trombocitos, linfocitos, monocitos, neutrofilos, leucocitos granulares PASpositivos (LG-PAS) y eosinofilos. Los niveles de glucosa y proteínas, hematocrito, recuentode leucocitos totales, el recuento total de trombocitos, monocitos, neutrófilos y eosinofilosfueron similares entre peces de los criaderos piscícolas. Sin embargo, la concentración dehemoglobina, recuento de eritrocitos, concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media(CHCM), volumen corpuscular medio (VCM), el número de linfocitos y LG-PAS mostrarondiferencias entre los peces de loscriaderos piscícolas. Aunque los resultados mostraronrelativa similitud entre los parámetros de lo sangre de peces de los criaderos piscícolas, pero omanejo de las condiciones de la calidad del agua del estanque y la comida siempre debemejorarse para aumentar la productividad en estas criaderos piscícolas.

This study compared the blood characteristics of hybrid tambacu (Colossoma macropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus) from three fish farms in the Macapá, State of Amapa (Brazil), which has a similar management. There were differences in the levels of dissolved oxygen in the water and pH in the ponds of the fish farms, but condition factor showed good body condition of the fish. In blood of tambacu were identified thrombocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, PAS-positive granular leukocytes (PAS-GL) and eosinophils. Plasma glucose and protein levels, hematocrit, total leucocyte count, total thrombocytes count, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils count were similar among the three fish farms. However, hemoglobin concentration, total erythrocytes count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), number of lymphocytes and PAS-GL showed differences among fish of these fish farms. Although the results showed a relative similarity between the blood parameters in the fish of the different fish farms, but the management conditions regarding the water quality in the ponds and food should be improved to increase the productivity in these fish farms.

Este estudo comparou as características sanguíneas do híbrido tambacu(Colossomamacropomum x Piaractus mesopotamicus)de três pisciculturas de Macapá, Estado do Amapá(Brasil), com manejos semelhantes. Diferenças nos níveis de oxigênio dissolvido e do pH daágua dos viveiros foram observadas, mas o fator de condição mostrou a boa condição dospeixes. No sangue dos tambacus foram identificados trombócitos, linfócitos, monócitos,neutrófilos, leucócitos granulares PAS-positivo (LG-PAS) e eosinófilos. Os níveis de glicosee proteína, hematócrito, contagem total de leucócitos, contagem total de trombócitos,contagem de monócitos, neutrófilos e eosinófilos foram similares entre as três pisciculturas.Entretanto, a concentração de hemoglobina, contagem de eritrócitos, da concentração dehemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), volume corpuscular médio (VCM), número delinfócitos e LG-PAS mostraram diferenças entre os peixes destas pisciculturas. Embora, osresultados mostraram relativa similaridade entre os parâmetros sanguíneos dos peixes daspisciculturas, mas condições de manejo, relativo à qualidade da água dos viveiros e àalimentação fornecida, devem ser melhoradas para aumentar a produtividade nestaspisciculturas.

RESUMEN

A participação dos metais pesados nas reações químicas do metabolismo dos peixes tornou esses elementos um dos principais focos nos estudos de contaminação. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as concentrações dos metais Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn e Hg no tecido muscular de peixes da bacia do rio Cassiporé (Estado do Amapá) e ambiente, visando avaliar os riscos de contaminação. As concentrações de Cd em Plagioscion squamosissimus (1,061 µg g-1) e Pb em Poptella compressa (4,280 µg g-1) apresentaram valores que ultrapassam os limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. As concentrações de Cr em P. compressa (0,937 ± 0,5 µg g-1), Pimelodella cristata (0,463 ± 0,03 µg g-1) e Cyphocharax gouldingi (0,364 ± 0,12 µg g-1), bem como de Hg em P. squamosissimus (0,670 µg g-1), Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (0,630 µg g-1), Hoplias malabaricus (0,570 µg g-1 e Serrasalmus rhombeus (0,548 µg g-1) foram acima do limite legal. A coluna d'água apresentou altas concentrações de metais pesados em todos os pontos analisados, mostrando uma contaminação dessa bacia. Portanto, essas elevadas concentrações de metais pesados no ambiente e tecido muscular dos peixes indicam um elevado grau de contaminação na bacia do rio Cassiporé e risco a saúde do homem.

Heavy metals participate in chemical reactions of fish metabolism, which makes these elements a major focus on contamination studies. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Hg in muscle tissue of fish of Cassiporé River Basin (State of Amapá) and environment, aiming at assessing the risk of contamination. The concentrations of Cd in Plagioscion squamosissimus (1.061 µg g-1) and Pb in Poptella compressa (4.280 µg g-1) had values that exceed the boundaries established by Brazilian law. The Cr concentration in P. compressa (0.937 ± 0.5 µg g-1), Pimelodella cristata (0.463 ± 0.03 µg g-1) and Cyphocharax gouldingi (0.364 ± 0.12 µg g-1) and Hg in P. squamosissimus (0.670 µg g-1), Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (0.630 µg g-1), Hoplias malabaricus (0.570 µg g-1 e Serrasalmus rhombeus (0.548 µg g-1) were above the legal limit. The water column showed high concentrations of heavy metals in all analyzed points, showing a contamination of this river basin. Therefore, the high concentrations of heavy metals in the environment and muscle tissue of fish indicate a high degree of contamination in the Cassiporé river basin and risk to human health.

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RESUMEN

A participação dos metais pesados nas reações químicas do metabolismo dos peixes tornou esses elementos um dos principais focos nos estudos de contaminação. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as concentrações dos metais Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn e Hg no tecido muscular de peixes da bacia do rio Cassiporé (Estado do Amapá) e ambiente, visando avaliar os riscos de contaminação. As concentrações de Cd em Plagioscion squamosissimus (1,061 µg g-1) e Pb em Poptella compressa (4,280 µg g-1) apresentaram valores que ultrapassam os limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. As concentrações de Cr em P. compressa (0,937 ± 0,5 µg g-1), Pimelodella cristata (0,463 ± 0,03 µg g-1) e Cyphocharax gouldingi (0,364 ± 0,12 µg g-1), bem como de Hg em P. squamosissimus (0,670 µg g-1), Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (0,630 µg g-1), Hoplias malabaricus (0,570 µg g-1 e Serrasalmus rhombeus (0,548 µg g-1) foram acima do limite legal. A coluna d'água apresentou altas concentrações de metais pesados em todos os pontos analisados, mostrando uma contaminação dessa bacia. Portanto, essas elevadas concentrações de metais pesados no ambiente e tecido muscular dos peixes indicam um elevado grau de contaminação na bacia do rio Cassiporé e risco a saúde do homem.(AU)

Heavy metals participate in chemical reactions of fish metabolism, which makes these elements a major focus on contamination studies. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Hg in muscle tissue of fish of Cassiporé River Basin (State of Amapá) and environment, aiming at assessing the risk of contamination. The concentrations of Cd in Plagioscion squamosissimus (1.061 µg g-1) and Pb in Poptella compressa (4.280 µg g-1) had values that exceed the boundaries established by Brazilian law. The Cr concentration in P. compressa (0.937 ± 0.5 µg g-1), Pimelodella cristata (0.463 ± 0.03 µg g-1) and Cyphocharax gouldingi (0.364 ± 0.12 µg g-1) and Hg in P. squamosissimus (0.670 µg g-1), Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (0.630 µg g-1), Hoplias malabaricus (0.570 µg g-1 e Serrasalmus rhombeus (0.548 µg g-1) were above the legal limit. The water column showed high concentrations of heavy metals in all analyzed points, showing a contamination of this river basin. Therefore, the high concentrations of heavy metals in the environment and muscle tissue of fish indicate a high degree of contamination in the Cassiporé river basin and risk to human health.(AU)

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