RESUMEN
Perinatal exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) at a very low dose may modulate the development of synapses of the hippocampus during growth to adulthood. Here, we demonstrate that perinatal exposure to 30 µg BPA/kg per mother's body weight/day significantly altered the dendritic spines of the grownup rat hippocampus. The density of the spine was analyzed by imaging of Lucifer Yellow-injected CA1 glutamatergic neurons in adult hippocampal slices. In offspring 3-month male hippocampus, the total spine density was significantly decreased by BPA exposure from 2.26 spines/µm (control, no BPA exposure) to 1.96 spines/µm (BPA exposure). BPA exposure considerably changed the normal 4-day estrous cycle of offspring 3-month females, resulting in a 4â¼5 day estrous cycle with 2-day estrus stages in most of the subjects. In the offspring 3-month female hippocampus, the total spine density was significantly increased by BPA exposure at estrus stage from 2.04 spines/µm (control) to 2.25 spines/µm (BPA exposure). On the other hand, the total spine density at the proestrus stage was moderately decreased from 2.33 spines/µm (control) to 2.19 spines/µm (BPA exposure). Thus, after the perinatal exposure to BPA, the total spine density in males became lower than that in females. Concerning the BPA effect on the morphology of spines, the large-head spine was significantly changed with its significant decrease in males and moderate change in females.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The small GTPase Arf6 and its downstream effector AMAP1 (also called ASAP1/DDEF1) constitute a signaling pathway promoting cell invasion, in which AMAP1 interacts with several different proteins, including PRKD2, EPB41L5, paxillin, and cortactin. Components of this pathway are often overexpressed in human breast cancer cells, to be correlated with poor prognosis of the patients, whereas overexpression of the Arf6 pathway did not correlate with the four main molecular classes of human breast tumors. In this pathway, receptor tyrosine kinases, including EGFR and Her2, activate Arf6 via GEP100. MMTV-PyMT mice and MMTV-Neu mice are well-established models of human breast cancer, and exhibit the early dissemination and the lung metastasis, by utilizing protein tyrosine phosphorylation for oncogenesis. PyMT-tumors and Neu-tumors are known to have overlapping gene expression profiles, which primarily correspond to the luminal B-type of human mammary tumors, although they differ in the time necessary for tumor onset and metastasis. Given the common usage of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, as well as the frequent use of these animal models for studying breast cancer at the molecular level, we here investigated whether mammary tumors in these mouse models utilize the Arf6-based pathway for invasion. METHODS: Expression levels of Arf6, AMAP1, and GEP100 were analyzed in PyMT-tumors and Neu-tumors by western blotting. Expression of Arf6 and AMAP1 was also analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The involvement of AMAP1 in invasion, and the possible correlation of its high expression levels with cancer mesenchymal properties were also investigated. RESULTS: We found that PyMT-tumors, but not Neu-tumors, frequently overexpress AMAP1 and use it for invasion, whereas both types of tumors expressed Arf6 and GEP100 at different levels. High levels of the AMAP1 expression among PyMT-tumor cells were frequently correlated with loss of the epithelial marker CK8 and also with expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin both at the primary sites and at sites of the lung metastases. CONCLUSIONS: PyMT-tumors appear to frequently utilize the Arf6-based invasive machinery, whereas Neu-tumors do not. Our results suggest that MMTV-PyMT mice, rather than MMTV-Neu mice, are useful to study the Arf6-based mammary tumor malignancies, as a representative model of human breast cancer.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/metabolismo , Antígenos Transformadores de Poliomavirus/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Virus del Tumor Mamario del Ratón/genética , Factor 6 de Ribosilación del ADP , Factores de Ribosilacion-ADP/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factores de Ribosilacion-ADP/genética , Factores de Ribosilacion-ADP/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Animales , Antígenos Transformadores de Poliomavirus/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Factores de Intercambio de Guanina Nucleótido/genética , Factores de Intercambio de Guanina Nucleótido/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundario , Ratones , Invasividad Neoplásica , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Interferencia de ARN , ARN Interferente Pequeño/metabolismoRESUMEN
Synaptic plasticity of the female hippocampus may cyclically fluctuate across the estrous cycle. The spine density fluctuation had been explained by fluctuation of plasma estradiol (E2) and progesterone (PROG), with the assumption that these steroids penetrate into the hippocampus. Recently, however, we demonstrated that male hippocampal levels of sex steroids are much higher than those in plasma, suggesting a weak contribution of plasma steroids to the spine density. By combination of mass-spectrometric analysis with HPLC-purification and picolinoyl-derivatization of hippocampal sex steroids, we determined the accurate concentration of E2 and PROG at four stages of plasma estrous cycle including Proestrus (Pro), Estrus (Est), Diestrus 1 (D1), and Diestrus 2 (D2). Hippocampal levels of E2 and PROG showed cyclic fluctuation with a peak at Pro for E2 and at D1 for PROG, having a positive correlation with the plasma estrous cycle. All these sex steroid levels are much higher in the hippocampus than in plasma. Even after ovariectomy a significant levels of E2 and PROG were observed in the hippocampus. The total spine density showed higher values at Pro and D1, and lower values at Est and D2, having a good correlation with the peak levels of hippocampal E2 or PROG. We also examined fluctuation of the head diameter of spines. Interestingly, mRNA expression level of steroidogenic enzymes (P450arom and 17ß-HSD, etc.) and sex-steroid receptors did not significantly change across the estrous cycle. Therefore, the fluctuation of total hippocampal PROG (equal to sum of hippocampus-synthesized PROG and plasma PROG) may be originated from the contribution of cyclic change in plasma PROG, which can induce the fluctuation of total hippocampal E2, since steroid conversion activity of hippocampus might be nearly the same across the estrus cycle.
Asunto(s)
Espinas Dendríticas/metabolismo , Estradiol/metabolismo , Ciclo Estral/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Progesterona/metabolismo , 17-Hidroxiesteroide Deshidrogenasas/genética , 17-Hidroxiesteroide Deshidrogenasas/metabolismo , Animales , Aromatasa/genética , Aromatasa/metabolismo , Espinas Dendríticas/efectos de los fármacos , Estradiol/sangre , Ciclo Estral/sangre , Femenino , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/metabolismo , Ovariectomía , Progesterona/sangre , Progesterona/farmacología , Ratas Wistar , Testosterona/sangre , Testosterona/metabolismoRESUMEN
Peptide bond formation at the peptidyl transferase center on the ribosome is a crucial phenomenon in life systems. In this study, we conceptually propose possible roles of the RNA tetraplex as a scaffold for two aminoacyl minihelices that enable peptide bond formation. The basic rationale of this model is that "parallel" complementary templates composed of only 10-mer nucleotides can position two amino acids in close proximity, which is conceptually and essentially similar to the situation observed in ribosomes. Using supportive experimental data, we discuss the origin and evolution of peptide bond formation in early biological systems.
Asunto(s)
Biosíntesis de Péptidos , ARN/química , Dicroismo Circular , Ensayo de Cambio de Movilidad Electroforética , Transferencia Resonante de Energía de FluorescenciaRESUMEN
We demonstrated the rapid effects of 10nM bisphenol A (BPA) on the spinogenesis of adult rat hippocampal slices. The density of spines was analyzed by imaging Lucifer Yellow-injected CA1 neurons in slices. Not only the total spine density but also the head diameter distribution of spine was quantitatively analyzed. Spinogenesis was significantly enhanced by BPA within 2h. In particular, the density of middle-head spine (with head diameter of 0.4-0.5µm) was significantly increased. Hydroxytamoxifen, an antagonist of both estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ) and estrogen receptors (ERα/ERß), blocked the BPA-induced enhancement of the spine density. However, ICI 182,780, an antagonist of ERα/ERß, did not suppress the BPA effects. Therefore, ERRγ is deduced to be a high affinity receptor of BPA, responsible for modulation of spinogenesis. The BPA-induced enhancement of spinogenesis was also suppressed by MAP kinase inhibitor, PD98059, and the blocker of NMDA receptors, MK-801. Washout of BPA for additional 2h after 2h BPA treatment abolished the BPA-induced enhancement of spinogenesis, suggesting that the BPA effect was reversible. ERRγ was localized at synapses as well as cell bodies of principal neurons. ERRγ at synapses may contribute to the observed rapid effect. The level of BPA in the hippocampal slices was determined by mass-spectrometric analysis.