RESUMEN
Recent evidence suggests that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathological changes in patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) and lysosomal storage diseases. In order to examine the possible increase in the permeability of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and resultant infiltration of PBMCs due to cathepsin D (CatD) deficiency, a process underlying the onset of congenital NCL, we examined structural changes in brain vessels in CatD-/- mice. Consequently, the mean diameter of the brain vessels in the cerebral cortex on postnatal day 24 (P24) was significantly larger in CatD-/- mice than in wild-type mice. Furthermore, the mean number of brain pericytes in CatD-/- mice began to decline significantly on P16 and almost disappeared on P24, and oxidative DNA damage was first detected in brain pericytes on P12. Examinations with electron microscopy revealed that brain pericytes were laden with dense granular bodies, cytoplasmic vacuoles and lipid droplets. The infiltration of PBMCs characterized by segmented nucleus laden with dense granular bodies was also noted in the cerebral cortex of CatD-/- mice. When primary cultured microglia prepared from enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing transgenic rats were injected into the common carotid artery, GFP-positive microglia were detected in the brain parenchyma of CatD-/-, but not wild-type, mice. Moreover, pepstatin A, a specific aspartic protease inhibitor, induced mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the isolated brain pericytes, which decreased the cell viability. These observations suggest that increased lysosomal storage due to CatD deficiency causes oxidative damage in brain pericytes, subsequently resulting in an increased vessel diameter, enhanced permeability of the BBB and the infiltration of PBMCs. Therefore, protecting brain pericytes against lysosomal storage-induced oxidative stress may represent an alternative treatment strategy for congenital NCL.
Asunto(s)
Barrera Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Catepsina D/deficiencia , Estrés Oxidativo , Pericitos/metabolismo , Animales , Barrera Hematoencefálica/citología , Permeabilidad Capilar , Catepsina D/genética , Catepsina D/metabolismo , Corteza Cerebral/citología , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Lisosomas/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Pericitos/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Laser-activated irrigation (LAI) has recently been introduced as an innovative method for root canal irrigation. However, there is limited information about the cleaning mechanism of an Er:YAG laser. In this study, we visualized the action of laser-induced bubbles and fluid flow in vitro to better understand the physical mechanisms underlying LAI. METHODS: An Er:YAG laser was equipped with a novel cone-shaped tip with a lateral emission rate of approximately 80%. Laser light was emitted at a pulse energy of 30, 50, or 70 mJ (output energy: 11, 18, or 26 mJ) and a repetition rate of 1 or 20 pulses per second, without air or water spray. Fluid flow dynamics in a root canal model were observed by using glass-bead tracers under a high-speed camera. Moreover, laser-induced bubble patterns were visualized in both free water and the root canal model. RESULTS: Tracers revealed high-speed motion of the fluid. A full cycle of expansion and implosion of vapor and secondary cavitation bubbles were clearly observed. In free water, the vapor bubble expanded for 220 microseconds, and its shape resembled that of an apple. In the root canal model, the vapor bubble expanded in a vertical direction along the canal wall, and bubble expansion continued for ≥700 microseconds. Furthermore, cavitation bubbles were created much more frequently in the canal model than in free water. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the cleaning mechanism of an Er:YAG laser within the root canal might depend on rapid fluid motion caused by expansion and implosion of laser-induced bubbles.
Asunto(s)
Cavidad Pulpar/anatomía & histología , Láseres de Estado Sólido/uso terapéutico , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Hidrodinámica , Microburbujas , Fotograbar , Reología , Irrigantes del Conducto Radicular/química , Irrigación Terapéutica/métodos , Factores de Tiempo , Volatilización , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
An epidemiologic examination was carried out to reveal the prevalence of the periodontal diseases and oral pigmentation in patients with Yusho in 2010. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Yusho patients complained of tooth pain and periodontal diseases such as gingival swelling, but not of oral pigmentation. 2) 104 patients out of 117 patients with Yusho, who were measured periodontal pocket depth according to Ramfjord' methods, had at least one tooth with periodontal pocket deeper than 3 mm. Similarly, 314 teeth out of a total 551 examined teeth showed a periodontal pocket with more than 3 mm in depth. However, it was determined that 57 teeth had a periodontal pocket deeper than 4 mm. 3) Oral pigmentation was observed in 63 patients out of 122 patients with Yusho. In this study, gingival pigmentation was most predominant among oral pigmentation. The prevalence of oral pigmentation in male patients seemed to be somewhat higher than that in female patients. In addition, the prevalence of oral pigmentation tended to be higher in patients under seventy years old than patients beyond the age of seventy. These results indicated that PCB-related compounds may be responsible for the higher prevalence of both periodontal diseases and oral pigmentation.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de la Boca/epidemiología , Enfermedades Periodontales/epidemiología , Trastornos de la Pigmentación/epidemiología , Bifenilos Policlorados/envenenamiento , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Bolsa Periodontal/epidemiología , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
An epidemiologic examination was carried out to reveal the prevalence of the periodontal diseases and oral pigmentation in patients with Yusho in 2008. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Yusho patients complained of tooth pain and periodontal diseases such as gingival swelling, gingival bleeding, but not of oral pigmentation. 2) 116 patients out of 148 patients with Yusho, who were measured periodontal pocket depth according to Ramfjord' methods, had at least one tooth with periodontal pocket deeper than 3 mm. Similarly, 399 teeth out of a total 710 examined teeth showed a periodontal pocket with more than 3 mm in depth. However, it was determined that 74 teeth had a periodontal pocket deeper than 4 mm. 3) Oral pigmentation was observed in 91 patients out of 155 patients with Yusho. In this study, gingival pigmentation was most predominant among oral pigmentation. The prevalence of oral pigmentation in male patients seemed to be somewhat higher than that in female patients. In addition, the prevalence of oral pigmentation tended to be higher in younger patients than in elder patients. Pigmentation of the buccal mucosa, lip or palate, however, was observed only in patients beyond the age of fifty. These results indicated that PCB-related compounds may be responsible for the higher prevalence of both periodontal diseases and oral pigmentation.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación de Alimentos , Enfermedades de la Boca/epidemiología , Enfermedades Periodontales/epidemiología , Trastornos de la Pigmentación/epidemiología , Bifenilos Policlorados/envenenamiento , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Dioxinas/envenenamiento , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades de la Boca/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Periodontales/inducido químicamente , Trastornos de la Pigmentación/inducido químicamente , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
This study compared the effects of three root-end-filling materials: mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), 4-META/MMA-TBB resin (Super-bond), and intermediate restorative material (IRM) on osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and matrix formation. MC3T3-E1 cells were inoculated on set material specimens, and the number of cells adhered to each material was assessed at 6 hours and at 3 days of incubation by using Hoechst 33258 staining under a fluorescence microscope. Furthermore, on day 21 of culture, areas in contact with each material surface were observed at light and electron microscopic levels. Cultured cells that adhered to MTA and Super-bond proliferated significantly between 6 hours and 3 days of culture. In addition, on day 21, they produced a thick matrix layer directly on the material surfaces. In contrast, the number of cells that adhered to IRM significantly decreased with time. These cells appeared round in shape, and no matrix formation was found. These results suggest that MTA and Super-bond have good biocompatibility and allow hard-tissue forming cells to create a matrix layer, which might enhance apical tissue regeneration.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Aluminio/farmacología , Compuestos de Boro/farmacología , Compuestos de Calcio/farmacología , Metacrilatos/farmacología , Metilmetacrilatos/farmacología , Osteoblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Óxidos/farmacología , Materiales de Obturación del Conducto Radicular/farmacología , Silicatos/farmacología , Cemento de Óxido de Zinc-Eugenol/farmacología , Animales , Adhesión Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Combinación de Medicamentos , RatonesRESUMEN
An epidemiologic examination was carried out to reveal the prevalence of the periodontal diseases and oral pigmentation in patients with Yusho in 2006. The results obtained were as follows. (1) 98 patients out of 106 patients with Yusho, who were measured periodontal pocket depth according to Ramfjord' methods, had at least one tooth with periodontal pocket deeper than 3 mm. Similarly, 343 teeth out of a total 494 examined teeth showed periodontal pocket with more than 3 mm depth. (2) Oral pigmentation was observed in 61 patients out of 116 patients with Yusho. In this study, gingival pigmentation was most predominant among oral pigmentation. The prevalence of oral pigmentation in male patients seemed to be somewhat higher than that in female patients. In addition, this examination revealed that the patients below the age of sixty had a high prevalence of oral pigmentation. These results indicated that PCB-related compounds may be responsible for the higher prevalence of both periodontal diseases and oral pigmentation.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación de Alimentos , Enfermedades de las Encías/epidemiología , Oryza/envenenamiento , Bolsa Periodontal/epidemiología , Trastornos de la Pigmentación/epidemiología , Aceites de Plantas/envenenamiento , Bifenilos Policlorados/envenenamiento , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Enfermedades de las Encías/etiología , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Bolsa Periodontal/etiología , Trastornos de la Pigmentación/etiología , Prevalencia , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
Our recent work showed that human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLF) secrete bioactive osteoprotegerin (OPG), which inhibits osteoclastic differentiation and activity. However, it is unknown how HPLF regulate bone metabolism in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a cell component of gram-negative bacteria and a pathogen in inflammatory bone diseases such as periodontitis. The present study examined the effects of Escherichia coli LPS on the gene expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), OPG, and receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in HPLF using semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. In HPLF cultured with LPS for 48 h, expression of both OPG and RANKL mRNA was up-regulated, whereas for up to 24 h of stimulation, such up-regulation was not observed. However, LPS increased expression of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha mRNA within 6 h of treatment. Moreover, in HPLF cultured with IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha, OPG and RANKL expression was induced within 12 h of culture. The administration of neutralizing antibodies against human IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha to LPS-treated cultures of HPLF inhibited the induction of OPG and RANKL expression. These suggest that LPS stimulates both OPG and RANKL expression in HPLF by up-regulating IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. In addition, administration of conditioned medium (CM) from HPLF (HPLF-CM) stimulated with LPS for 48 h to mouse bone marrow culture failed to induce osteoclast-like cell (OCL) formation. When mouse spleen cells were cocultured with HPLF in the presence of LPS, OCL formation was completely blocked. Taken together, our results indicate that human periodontal ligament cells stimulated with LPS inhibit osteoclastogenesis by producing more effective OPG than RANKL via the induction of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Portadoras/biosíntesis , Glicoproteínas/biosíntesis , Interleucina-1/biosíntesis , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/biosíntesis , Ligamento Periodontal/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/biosíntesis , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesis , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Femenino , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Glicoproteínas/genética , Humanos , Interleucina-1/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tercer Molar/efectos de los fármacos , Tercer Molar/metabolismo , Osteoprotegerina , Ligamento Periodontal/efectos de los fármacos , Ligando RANK , Receptor Activador del Factor Nuclear kappa-B , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/genética , Receptores del Factor de Necrosis Tumoral , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genéticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare an experimental glass-ionomer cement sealer, KT-308, with a conventional zinc oxide-eugenol sealer, Canals, in terms of tissue compatibility and solubility. STUDY DESIGN: Tissue reactions were examined under light and electron microscopes at 3 and 20 days after the implantation of either freshly mixed KT-308 sealer or Canals sealer into prepared cavities in rat mandibles. RESULTS: At 3 days after implantation, no inflammatory reaction was seen around KT-308 sealer, which was in direct contact with the bone surface. In contrast, Canals sealer elicited an initially severe inflammation in the surrounding tissue. At 20 days, the majority of KT-308 sealer remained in the bone cavity. Canals sealer was largely absorbed and surrounded by fibrous tissue with many macrophages. An ultrastructural examination also revealed that no intervening tissue was present between the cut bone surface and the glass-ionomer cement sealer and that disintegrated zinc oxide-eugenol particles were engulfed by macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: KT-308 sealer possesses better tissue compatibility and lower solubility compared with a conventional zinc oxide-eugenol sealer, suggesting its potential for use as a root canal sealant.
Asunto(s)
Cementos de Ionómero Vítreo/toxicidad , Mandíbula/efectos de los fármacos , Materiales de Obturación del Conducto Radicular/toxicidad , Proceso Alveolar/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Cementos de Ionómero Vítreo/química , Masculino , Microscopía Electrónica , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Materiales de Obturación del Conducto Radicular/química , Solubilidad , Cemento de Óxido de Zinc-Eugenol/química , Cemento de Óxido de Zinc-Eugenol/toxicidadRESUMEN
An epidemiologic examination was carried out to reveal the prevalence of the periodontal diseases and oral pigmentation in patients with Yusho. The results obtained were as follows. 1) 95 patients out of 110 patients, who were examined periodontal pocket depth using Ramfjord' methods, had at least one tooth with periodontal pocket deeper than 3 mm. Similarly, 276 teeth out of a total 495 examined teeth showed periodontal pockets with more than 3 mm depth. However, the ratio of the teeth with periodontal pockets deeper than 4 mm to total examined teeth in each age fell to less than 25%. 2) Oral pigmentation was observed in 75 patients out of 121 patients with Yusho. In this examination, gingival pigmentation was most predominant among oral pigmentation. It is of particular interest that severe pigmentation tended to be observed at a much higher frequency in younger patients with Yusho. Taken these findings into consideration, it was suggested that PCBs and related compounds might play an important role in the development of both periodontal diseases and oral pigmentation.