RESUMEN
Translocation of minerals from substrate to mushrooms can change the medicinal characteristics, commercial value, and biological efficiency of mushroom. In the present study, we demonstrated that addition of iron to the substrate reduces the yield of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom. The biological efficiency of the mushroom varied from 36.53% on the unsupplemented substrate to 2.08% for the substrate with 500 mg/kg iron added. The maximum iron concentration obtained for mushroom was 478.66 mg/kg (dry basis) and the maximum solubility in vitro was 293.70 mg/kg (dry basis). Iron translocation increased the ash and protein content, reduced antioxidant activity, and enhanced the aroma and flavor characteristics of the mushroom. However mushroom has higher amounts of iron than vegetables like collard greens, it is not feasible to use mushrooms as the only dietary source of iron. The study also indicated that because of more bioaccumulation of iron in mycelium than in the mushroom, mycelium and not mushroom, could be a better alternative as a non-animal iron source.
Asunto(s)
Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/metabolismo , Hierro/metabolismo , Micelio/metabolismo , Pleurotus/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Disponibilidad Biológica , Transporte Biológico , Compuestos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inhibidores , Medios de Cultivo/química , Medios de Cultivo/farmacología , Análisis de los Alimentos , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Hierro/farmacología , Micelio/química , Micelio/efectos de los fármacos , Oxidación-Reducción , Picratos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pleurotus/química , Pleurotus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) has been found to be a useful method of assessing cardiovascular autonomic control, but normal values for standard HRV measures in children have not been established. We analyzed HRV in 60 healthy children aged 3 to 15 years to determine normal values and to assess the effects of development on cardiac autonomic control with the use of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. RESULTS: The high-frequency (HF) component, an index of cardiac autonomic tone, increased significantly with age from 3 to 6 years (p < 0.01) and decreased with age from 6 to 15 years (p < 0.01), and the magnitude of HF correlated significantly with the R-R intervals. Thus the changes in cardiac autonomic tone could be described as a simple equation using age and heart rate. CONCLUSIONS: We present normal values and changes in the cardiac autonomic system during childhood after HRV analysis, which could lead to a better understanding and treatment of cardiac disease in children.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/fisiología , Sistema Nervioso Autónomo/fisiología , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Electrocardiografía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Monitoreo Ambulatorio , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
It has previously been shown that the click-evoked responses recorded from the intracranial portion of the eighth nerve in patients with incapacitating tinnitus are not abnormal, nor is the latency of peak III of the click-evoked brainstem auditory-evoked potentials significantly altered; however, the latency of peak V is slightly (but significantly) shortened in comparison to that of patients with the same degree of hearing loss but no tinnitus. In this study the hypothesis that the extralemniscal auditory system is involved in the generation of tinnitus is tested. We made use of the fact that neurons of the extralemniscal auditory system also receive input from the somatosensory system, and that stimulation of the somatosensory system can influence the processing of auditory information in the extralemniscal system. In 4 of 26 patients with mild-to-severe tinnitus whose median nerve was stimulated electrically, the tinnitus increased noticeably during stimulation, in 6 the intensity of the tinnitus decreased noticeably, and in the remaining 16 there was no noticeable change in the tinnitus. In some of the patients the character of the tinnitus changed in a complex way. There were no significant differences in hearing thresholds in these three groups of patients. Electrical stimulation of the median nerve in 12 individuals with normal hearing who did not have tinnitus either had no effect on the loudness of sounds or it caused a slight increase in the loudness.