RESUMEN
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a virtual simulation education programme with debriefing in undergraduate nursing students. Perceived clinical competence and learning needs of students in a simulation environment were also measured. BACKGROUND: Evidence showed virtual simulation education programmes provided better knowledge acquisition. However, these studies to date did not incorporate virtual simulation in the combination of a debriefing model in nursing students. DESIGN: A one-group pre-test and post-test design. METHODS: 188 final year undergraduate nursing students participated in the study. Linear mixed model analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of the programme. RESULTS: Students have perceived a significant improvement in clinical competence and nursing process. Self-efficacy has also boosted. Communication and critical thinking were applied better in the traditional clinical environment. CONCLUSION: Perceived clinical competence of Chinese nursing students has significant improvements by using virtual simulation combining a debriefing model during the COVID-19 period. Virtual simulation met students' learning needs. Future studies should include a control group for comparison and long-term measurement. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The study provided an innovative clinical learning pedagogy to serve as a potential alternative with traditional clinical practicum during the COVID-19 period as this is substantially limited.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Bachillerato en Enfermería , Estudiantes de Enfermería , Competencia Clínica , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
This work addresses the cellular localization of heparanase and its colocalization with syndecan-3, a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan in spinal cords of adult rats. Reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization for the heparanase transcript revealed expression in neurons and white matter glia. This was confirmed by immunohistochemistry showing cytoplasmic localization of the heparanase protein. Double immunofluorescence for heparanase and syndecan-3 revealed colocalization of the proteins in cell bodies of neurons and oligodendrocytes, suggestive of constitutive expression in these cell types. In contrast, only subpopulations of astrocytes and NG2-expressing glia in the white matter expressed heparanase, and these did not show expression of syndecan-3. Cultures of astrocytes further evidenced upregulation of heparanase expression with TGF-beta(1) treatment, but no accompanying upregulation of syndecan-3 was detectable. These first findings of heparanase expression in the adult cord therefore provide the cellular basis for understanding functional interactions of heparanase and syndecan-3 in the normal neural network or otherwise in glial reactions to spinal cord injury.