Asunto(s)
Anopheles , Malaria Falciparum/transmisión , Plasmodium falciparum , Viaje , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Indias OccidentalesRESUMEN
Aedes aegypti control program in Martinique started en 1968. The Aedes aegypti major breeding sites are associated with flowers vases, drums, used tyres, artificial containers and watering places. However, Culex quinquefasciatus is the main nuisance mosquito in all the island. This species is unpleasant, especially in urban areas. Over 200 Culex quinquefasciatus bites per person per night have been observed in several localities of the island. Culex quinquefasciatus breeding sites are mostly associated with sewage treatment plants, septic tanks and stagnant drains. In order to reduce this nuisance and to improve the quality of life-the Conseil General initiated a large mosquito control program since 1991. This global mosquito control is based on: information and health education, environmental management (source reduction, drainage...), use of chemical insecticides.
Asunto(s)
Aedes , Culex , Control de Mosquitos , Salud Pública , Animales , Educación en Salud , Insecticidas , MartinicaRESUMEN
The dengue prevention activities in Martinique are based on: Entomological surveillance (including the use of insecticide in all parts of the Island). Epidemiological (clinical, serological and virological) surveillance. Health Education (radio, TV, exhibitions, talks in primaries and secondaries schools, in associations,...). The main breeding sites of Aedes aegypti are maintained by human practices: flowers vases, containers, used tyres, waste... The role of those human practices in the standing of Aedes aegypti populations at high level in Martinique have lead us to emphasize entomological observations and Health education. The calculation of classical Breteau Index abstracts the nature and the productivity of the breeding sites (f.e.: no difference between a flower vase and a drum). In operational way, we have introduced a new approach for calculating the Breteau index value which includes the breeding sites nature and productivity. This approach permit us to adapt the Health education message in each geographical sector.
Asunto(s)
Aedes , Entomología , Insectos Vectores , Control de Mosquitos , Animales , Dengue/epidemiología , Dengue/prevención & control , Dengue/transmisión , Educación en Salud , Humanos , Insecticidas , MartinicaRESUMEN
Several over-produced esterases confer resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in the Culex pipiens complex. We describe their distribution in islands and countries of the Caribbean region based on new collections and previous studies, and discuss the need to: 1) undertake DNA studies to correctly identify the esterase B alleles that are amplified in different regions, and 2) investigate the variability among gene copies within each amplification system in order to fully understand their origin and their evolution through time.
Asunto(s)
Culex/enzimología , Esterasas/metabolismo , Animales , Región del Caribe , Esterasas/clasificación , Serina Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , Indias OccidentalesRESUMEN
Before beginning a widespread control program against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in Martinique, resistance to temephos, chlorpyrifos, and two organophosphorous insecticides, was investigated at seven breeding sites. At LC95, populations exhibited resistance ratios between 6.9 and 11.6 for temephos and between 6.4 and 51.4 for chlorpyrifos. Overproduced esterases A2-B2 and B1, known to be involved in organophosphorous-resistance, were present at all breeding sites; esterases A2-B2 frequency was > 50% at all sites but one; and esterase B1 frequency was < 7%. Experimental treatment of three breeding sites with temephos induced no significant increase in resistance, but our esterase studies indicated a significant increase in the frequencies of esterase B1 and of a new highly active esterase C2. These results indicate that a large-scale C. p. quinquefasciatus control program with organophosphorous insecticides will induce a rapid increase of these resistance genes throughout Martinique. However, this may not necessarily result in high levels of resistance, because, at present, the level of gene amplification of esterase B still appears to be low.