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The Yangtze River is one of the largest riverine ecosystems in the world and is a biodiversity hotspot. In recent years, this river ecosystem has undergone rapid habitat deterioration due to anthropogenic disturbances, leading to a decrease in freshwater biodiversity. Owing to these anthropogenic impacts, the Chinese government imposed a "Ten-year fishing ban" (TYFB) in the Yangtze River and its tributaries. Ecological changes associated with this decision have not been documented to evaluate the level of success. This study evaluates the success of the TYFB by analyzing the changes in phytoplankton communities and comparing them to periods before the TYFB was imposed. A total of 325 phytoplankton species belonging to 7 phyla and 103 genera dominated by Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were identified. Species diversity according to the Shannon-Wiener ranged between 1.19 and 3.00. The results indicated that phytoplankton diversity increased, while both density and biomass decreased after the TYFB. The health of the aquatic ecosystem appeared to have improved after the TYFB, as indicated by the phytoplankton-based index of biotic integrity. Significant seasonal and spatial differences were found among the number of species, density, and biomass of phytoplankton, where these differences were correlated with pH, water depth, chlorophyll-a, permanganate index, transparency, copper, ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorus based on redundancy analysis. Results from this study indicate that the TYFB played an important role in the restoration of freshwater ecosystem in the Yangtze River and its tributaries.

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d-Limonene is the predominant component of essential oil from Exocarpium Citri Grandis, known for its antibacterial, antioxidant, insecticidal, and anti-inflammatory properties. The synthesis, transport, and accumulation of d-limonene in Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' fruits are regulated by limonene synthetase (LS) and its associated regulatory genes. This study addresses the gap in understanding the spatiotemporal cytological changes of LS and its regulatory genes. Through cytochemical techniques, we investigated the distribution of essential oil in the plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles of secretory cavity cells. We identified the LS-encoding gene CgLS via transcriptomics and demonstrated in vitro that CgLS catalyzes the formation of d-limonene from geranyl diphosphate (GPP). Transient overexpression of CgLS increased monoterpene limonene accumulation, while TRV virus-induced gene silencing reduced it. CgLS expression levels and d-limonene content showed spatiotemporal consistency with fruit development, with in situ hybridization revealing predominant expression in secretory cavity cells. Immunocytochemical localization indicated that CgLS is primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum, plastids, and vacuoles. Our findings suggest that CgLS is translated in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to plastids and vacuoles where d-limonene synthesis occurs. This study provides comprehensive insights into the characteristics of CgLS and its role in d-limonene synthesis at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels in C. grandis 'Tomentosa'.

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Ambient air pollution has been reported to be a risk factor for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). Past studies have reported supportive evidence, but evidence from China is scarce and does not integrate the different periods of the pregnancy course. In this study, 1945 pregnant women with HDP and healthy pregnancies between 2016 and 2022 from the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University registry network database were analysed. The geographic information, biological information and demographic information of the case were fused in the analysis. Machine learning methods were used to obtain the weight of the variable. Then, we used the generalized linear mixed model to evaluate the relationship between increased exposure to each pollutant at different periods of HDP and examined it in different groups. The results showed that SO2 had the predominate impact (12.65 %) on HDP compared with other air pollutants. SO2 exposure was associated with an increased risk of HDP. Increased unit SO2 concentrations were accompanied by an increased risk of HDP (OR = 1.33, 95 % CI: 1.13, 1.566), and the susceptible window for this effect was mainly in the first trimester (OR = 1.242, 95 % CI: 1.092, 1.412). In addition, SO2 exposure was associated with an increased risk of HDP in urban maternity (OR = 1.356, 95 % CI: 1.112, 1.653), obese maternity (OR = 3.58, 95 % CI: 1.608, 7.971), no higher education maternity (OR = 1.348, 95 % CI: 1.065, 1.706), nonzero delivery maternity (OR = 1.981, 95 % CI: 1.439, 2.725), maternal with first time maternity (OR = 1.247, 95 % CI: 1.007, 1.544) and other groups. In summary, SO2 exposure in early pregnancy is one of the risk factors for HDP, and the increased risk of HDP due to increased SO2 exposure may be more pronounced in obese, urban, low-education, and nonzero delivery populations.

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RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a crucial role in the biological processes of liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase H (PPIH), an RBP, possesses prolyl isomerase activity and functions as a protein chaperone. The relationship between PPIH and LIHC has not yet been fully elucidated. This study elucidated potential mechanisms through which PPIH affects the prognosis of LIHC. Bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experiments revealed that PPIH expression was higher in LIHC tissues than in normal tissues. PPIH was identified as an independent prognostic factor, with high PPIH expression being associated with worse prognoses. Moreover, PPIH increased the m6A RNA methylation level and promoted cell proliferation by modulating DNA replication and the expression of cell cycle-related genes in LIHC cells. Bioinformatics analysis also revealed that PPIH expression increased immune cell infiltration and the expression of immune checkpoint proteins. Collectively, these findings indicate that PPIH might promote LIHC progression by enhancing the m6A RNA methylation level, increasing cell proliferation, and altering the tumor immune microenvironment. Our study demonstrates that PPIH, as a poor prognostic factor, may lead to LIHC malignancy through multiple pathways. Further in-depth research on this topic is warranted.

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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the differential variations in the metabolic composition of follicular fluid (FF) among normal-weight patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and controls and to identify potential biomarkers that may offer insights into the early identification and management of these patients. METHODS: We collected FF samples from 45 normal-weight women with PCOS and 36 normal-weight controls without PCOS who were undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. An untargeted metabolomic study of collected FF from infertile women was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem spectrometry (LC-MS). The tendency of the two groups to separate was demonstrated through multivariate analysis. Univariate analysis and variable importance in projection were used to screen out differential metabolites. Metabolic pathway analysis was conducted using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and a diagnostic model was established using the random forest algorithm. RESULTS: The metabolomics analysis revealed an increase in the expression of 23 metabolites and a decrease in that of 10 metabolites in the FF of normal-weight women with PCOS. According to the KEGG pathway analysis, these differential metabolites primarily participated in the metabolism of glycerophospholipids and the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Based on the biomarker combination of the top 10 metabolites, the area under the curve value was 0.805. The concentrations of prostaglandin E2 in the FF of individuals with PCOS exhibited an inverse association with the proportion of high-quality embryos (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our research identified a distinct metabolic profile of the FF from normal-weight women with PCOS. The results offer a broader comprehension of the pathogenesis and advancement of PCOS, and the detected differential metabolites could be potential biomarkers and targets for the treatment of PCOS.

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The impact of power supply voltage fluctuations on the phase noise of quartz crystal oscillators (XOs) remains an open issue. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis on this matter. This work presents a novel phase-noise drive sensitivity (PNDS) model for the XO to reveal its mechanism. This model based on five noise modulation processes demonstrates the distribution of the PNDS in the frequency domain clearly, and there exists a PNDS bandwidth fS that limits the supply voltage fluctuation, which is similar to the effect of the noise bandwidth of the classical Leeson model. Using the PNDS, we successfully predict the phase noise of a 10 MHz oscillator under different supply voltage noises. In addition, experimental results show that the PNDS floor is determined by the phase modulation of the sustaining amplifier, while the amplitude-frequency effect of the resonator and the tuning of the diode often play crucial roles in the near-carrier PNDS.

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Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) are responsible for recurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance in liver cancer. However, the genes responsible for inducing LCSCs have not been fully identified. Based on our previous study, we found that tescalcin (TESC), a calcium-binding EF hand protein that plays a crucial role in chromatin remodeling, transcriptional regulation, and epigenetic modifications, was up-regulated in LCSCs of spheroid cultures. By searching the Cancer Genome Atlas, International Cancer Genome Consortium, Human Protein Atlas, and Kaplan-Meier Plotter databases, we found that TESC expression was significantly elevated in liver cancer compared with that in normal liver tissue and was predictive of a decreased overall survival rate. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed TESC to be an independent prognostic factor for survival. High TESC expression was positively associated with cancer stem cell pathways, cancer stem cell surface markers, stemness transcription factors, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) factors, immune checkpoint proteins, and various cancer-related biological processes in liver cancer. Furthermore, TESC was implicated as promoting cancer stem cell properties through its influence on EMT. We demonstrated that TESC is a novel stemness-related gene that can serve as an independent prognostic factor for liver cancer.

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Tandem catalysis is widely adopted for multipollutant control in mobile sources but has rarely been reported in stationary source emission elimination. This work proposed a tandem arrangement way with up-streamed V2O5/TiO2 + down-streamed Cr2O3/TiO2 catalysts, which could achieve the efficient synergistic control of NOx and C3H8 in industrial flue gas. Moreover, this arrangement successfully alleviated the unwanted N2O formation during the NH3 -SCR process. Compared to the conventional impregnation method of the Cr2O3-V2O5/TiO2 catalyst, the tandem catalysts of V2O5/TiO2 + Cr2O3/TiO2 could enhance the NOx and C3H8 conversion by 4.2% and 39.5%, respectively, at 350 °C. It might be attributed to the fact that Cr species was the active site for C3H8 oxidation, and the tandem arrangement of catalysts was beneficial to even dispersion of active components on supports. Furthermore, due to the preferential NOx removal over the up-streamed V2O5/TiO2 catalyst, the tandem catalysts obviously alleviated the N2O formation caused by Cr species during the NH3-SCR process. Herein, it significantly decreased N2O formation by 240.5% at 350 °C compared to the Cr2O3-V2O5/TiO2 catalyst, achieving multipollutant emission control from industrial flue gas with the performance of "one stone three birds".

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AIMS: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for the treatment of aortic regurgitation (AR). METHODS: From September 2019 to February 2022, 62 patients who underwent transfemoral TAVI procedure for pure, symptomatic severe AR with the VitaFlow system were enrolled in the current study. The outcomes were assessed according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium 3 criteria. Procedural results and clinical outcomes for 1 year were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age was 71.56 ± 7.34 years and 58.1% were male. The mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons score was 5.44 ± 3.22%. The device success rate was 79.0%. Only one patient was converted to open surgery. The in-hospital mortality rate was 1.6%. The 1-year all-cause mortality rate was 6.5%. The new permanent pacemaker implantation rate was 29.0% in-hospital and 30.7% at 1-year follow-up. The second valve implantation rate was 14.5%. No patient developed more than moderate paravalvular leakage during follow-up. The mean ejection fraction improved from 54.05 ± 10.83% at baseline to 59.32 ± 8.70% (p < 0.001 compared with baseline) at 12 months. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter decreased from 61.62 ± 5.58 mm at baseline to 55.20 ± 4.51 mm (p < 0.001 compared with the baseline) at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Transfemoral TAVI procedure shows efficacy in treating patients with severe pure native AR. The safety is improved with the development of the VitaFlow system.

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Due to the rapid development of stem cell technology, there have been tremendous advances in molecular biological and pathological research, cell therapy as well as organoid technologies over the past decades. Advances in genome editing technology, particularly the discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-related protein 9 (Cas9), have further facilitated the rapid development of stem cell researches. The CRISPR-Cas9 technology now goes beyond creating single gene editing to enable the inhibition or activation of endogenous gene loci by fusing inhibitory (CRISPRi) or activating (CRISPRa) domains with deactivated Cas9 proteins (dCas9). These tools have been utilized in genome-scale CRISPRi/a screen to recognize hereditary modifiers that are synergistic or opposing to malady mutations in an orderly and fair manner, thereby identifying illness mechanisms and discovering novel restorative targets to accelerate medicinal discovery investigation. However, the application of this technique is still relatively rare in stem cell research. There are numerous specialized challenges in applying large-scale useful genomics approaches to differentiated stem cell populations. Here, we present the first comprehensive review on CRISPR-based functional genomics screening in the field of stem cells, as well as practical considerations implemented in a range of scenarios, and exploration of the insights of CRISPR-based screen into cell fates, disease mechanisms and cell treatments in stem cell models. This review will broadly benefit scientists, engineers and medical practitioners in the areas of stem cell research.

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The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex and highly restrictive barrier that prevents most biomolecules and drugs from entering the brain. However, effective strategies for delivering drugs to the brain are urgently needed for the treatment of glioblastoma. Based on the efficient BBB penetration properties of exosomes derived from brain metastatic breast cancer cells (EB), this work prepared a nanoreactor (denoted as MAG@EB), which was constructed by self-assembly of Mn2+, arsenate and glucose oxidase (GOx) into nanoparticles wrapped with EB. MAG@EB can enhance the efficiency of traversing the BBB, target and accumulate at in situ glioblastoma sites. The GOx-driven glycolysis effectively cuts off the glucose supply while also providing an abundance of H2O2 and lowering pH. Meanwhile, the released Mn2+ mediated Fenton-like reaction converts elevated H2O2 into highly toxic ·OH. Besides, AsV was reduced to AsIII by glutathione, and the tumor suppressor gene P53 was activated by AsIII to kill glioblastoma cells. Glioblastoma succumbed to the redox cascade triggered by MAG@EB, as the results demonstrated in vivo and in vitro, yielding a remarkable therapeutic effect. This work provides a promising therapeutic option mediated by cascaded nanoreactors for the future treatment of glioblastoma.

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This study introduces a novel 3D scaffold for bone regeneration, composed of silk fibroin, chitosan, nano-hydroxyapatite, LL-37 antimicrobial peptide, and pamidronate. The scaffold addresses a critical need in bone tissue engineering by simultaneously combating bone infections and promoting bone growth. LL-37 was incorporated for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, while pamidronate was included to inhibit bone resorption. The scaffold's porous structure, essential for cell infiltration and nutrient diffusion, was achieved through a freeze-drying process. In vitro assessments using SEM and FTIR confirmed the scaffold's morphology and chemical integrity. Antimicrobial efficacy was tested against pathogens of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). In vivo studies in a murine model of infectious bone defect revealed the scaffold's effectiveness in reducing inflammation and bacterial load, and promoting bone regeneration. RNA sequencing of treated specimens provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these observations, revealing significant gene expression changes related to bone healing and immune response modulation. The results indicate that the scaffold effectively inhibits bacterial growth and supports bone cell functions, making it a promising candidate for treating infectious bone defects. Future studies should focus on optimizing the release of therapeutic agents and evaluating the scaffold's clinical potential.

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Visual object tracking is an important technology in camera-based sensor networks, which has a wide range of practicability in auto-drive systems. A transformer is a deep learning model that adopts the mechanism of self-attention, and it differentially weights the significance of each part of the input data. It has been widely applied in the field of visual tracking. Unfortunately, the security of the transformer model is unclear. It causes such transformer-based applications to be exposed to security threats. In this work, the security of the transformer model was investigated with an important component of autonomous driving, i.e., visual tracking. Such deep-learning-based visual tracking is vulnerable to adversarial attacks, and thus, adversarial attacks were implemented as the security threats to conduct the investigation. First, adversarial examples were generated on top of video sequences to degrade the tracking performance, and the frame-by-frame temporal motion was taken into consideration when generating perturbations over the depicted tracking results. Then, the influence of perturbations on performance was sequentially investigated and analyzed. Finally, numerous experiments on OTB100, VOT2018, and GOT-10k data sets demonstrated that the executed adversarial examples were effective on the performance drops of the transformer-based visual tracking. White-box attacks showed the highest effectiveness, where the attack success rates exceeded 90% against transformer-based trackers.

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Background: Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 14 loci associated with frailty index (FI) susceptibility, the underlying causative genes and biological mechanisms remain elusive. Methods: A cross-tissue transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) was conducted utilizing the Unified Test for Molecular Markers (UTMOST), which integrates GWAS summary statistics from 164,610 individuals of European ancestry and 10,616 Swedish participants, alongside gene expression matrices from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Project. Validation of the significant genes was performed through three distinct methods: FUSION, FOCUS, and Multiple Marker Analysis of Genome-wide Annotation (MAGMA). Exploration of tissue and functional enrichment for FI-associated SNPs was conducted using MAGMA. Conditional and joint analyses, along with fine mapping, were employed to enhance our understanding of FI's genetic architecture. Mendelian randomization was employed to ascertain causal relationships between significant genes and FI, and co-localization analysis was utilized to investigate shared SNPs between significant genes and FI. Results: In this study, two novel susceptibility genes associated with the risk of FI were identified through the application of four TWAS methods. Mendelian randomization demonstrated that HTT may elevate the risk of developing frailty, whereas LRPPRC could offer protection against the onset of frailty. Additionally, co-localization analysis identified a shared SNP between LRPPRC and FI. Tissue enrichment analyses revealed that genomic regions linked to SNPs associated with frailty were predominantly enriched in various brain regions, including the frontal cortex, cerebral cortex, and cerebellar hemispheres. Conditional, combined analyses, and fine mapping collectively identified two genetic regions associated with frailty: 2p21 and 4q16.3. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that the pathways associated with frailty were primarily related to the MHC complex, PD-1 signaling, cognition, inflammatory response to antigenic stimuli, and the production of second messenger molecules. Conclusion: This investigation uncovers two newly identified genes with forecasted expression levels associated with the risk of FI, offering new perspectives on the genetic architecture underlying FI.

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Dipterocarp species dominate tropical forest ecosystems and provide key ecological and economic value through their use of aromatic resins, medicinal chemicals, and high-quality timber. However, habitat loss and unsustainable logging have endangered many Dipterocarpaceae species. Genomic strategies provide new opportunities for both elucidating the molecular pathways underlying these desirable traits and informing conservation efforts for at-risk taxa. This review summarizes the progress in dipterocarp genomics analysis and applications. We describe 16 recently published Dipterocarpaceae genome sequences, representing crucial genetic blueprints. Phylogenetic comparisons delineate evolutionary relationships among species and provide frameworks for pinpointing functional changes underlying specialized metabolism and wood development patterns. We also discuss connections revealed thus far between specific gene families and both oleoresin biosynthesis and wood quality traits-including the identification of key terpenoid synthases and cellulose synthases likely governing pathway flux. Moreover, the characterization of adaptive genomic markers offers vital resources for supporting conservation practices prioritizing resilient genotypes displaying valuable oleoresin and timber traits. Overall, progress in dipterocarp functional and comparative genomics provides key tools for addressing the intertwined challenges of preserving biodiversity in endangered tropical forest ecosystems while sustainably deriving aromatic chemicals and quality lumber that support diverse human activities.

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China has complex natural conditions and is rich in biodiversity. Based on the geographical distribution and species composition of terrestrial mammals, we explored the characteristics and geographic partitioning of mammal populations in different regions of China. We used a clustering algorithm, combined with the spatial distribution data and taxonomic characteristics of mammals, to geographically partition the terrestrial mammals in China. We found 10 zoogeographic regions of terrestrial mammals in China: Northeast region, North China region, Eastern grassland region, Western region, Northwest region, Qiangtang plateau region, Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, Himalayan region, South China region, and Taiwan-Hainan region. We found a new geographical zoning pattern for terrestrial mammals in China, examined the variability and characteristics of species composition among different regions, and quantified the association between species distribution and environmental factors. We proposed a method of incorporating taxonomic information into cluster analysis, which provided a new idea for zoogeographic region studies, a new perspective for understanding species diversity, and a scientific basis for animal conservation and habitat planning.

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BACKGROUND: Continuous peripheral nerve blocks are widely used for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in lower limb surgeries. The authors aimed to develop a novel continuous sacral plexus block procedure for analgesia during total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: The study comprised two stages. In Stage I, the authors built upon previous theories and technological innovations to develop a novel continuous sacral plexus block method, ultrasound-guided continuous parasacral ischial plane block (UGCPIPB) and subsequently conducted a proof-of-concept study to assess its effectiveness and feasibility. Stage II involved a historical control study to compare clinical outcomes between patients undergoing this new procedure and those receiving the conventional procedure. RESULTS: The study observed a 90% success rate in catheter placement. On postoperative day (POD) 1, POD2, and POD3, the median visual analog scale (VAS) scores were 3 (range, 1.5-3.5), 2.5 (1.6-3.2), and 2.7 (1.3-3.4), respectively. Furthermore, 96.3% of the catheters remained in place until POD3, as confirmed by ultrasound. The study revealed a significant increase in skin temperature and peak systolic velocity of the anterior tibial artery on the blocked side compared with those on the non-blocked side. Complications included catheter clogging in one patient and leakage at the insertion site in two patients. In Stage II, the novel technique was found to be more successful than conventional techniques, with a lower catheter displacement rate than the conventional procedure for continuous sciatic nerve block. CONCLUSION: UGCPIPB proved to be an effective procedure and safe for analgesia in total knee arthroplasty. CHINESE CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER: ChiCTR2300068902.

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Objective: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has strong drug resistance and can tolerate a variety of antibiotics, which is a major problem in the management of antibiotic-resistant infections. Direct prediction of multi-drug resistance (MDR) resistance phenotypes of P. aeruginosa isolates and clinical samples by genotype is helpful for timely antibiotic treatment. Methods: In the study, whole genome sequencing (WGS) data of 494 P. aeruginosa isolates were used to screen key anti-microbial resistance (AMR)-associated genes related to imipenem (IPM), meropenem (MEM), piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP), and levofloxacin (LVFX) resistance in P. aeruginosa by comparing genes with copy number differences between resistance and sensitive strains. Subsequently, for the direct prediction of the resistance of P. aeruginosa to four antibiotics by the AMR-associated features screened, we collected 74 P. aeruginosa positive sputum samples to sequence by metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS), of which 1 sample with low quality was eliminated. Then, we constructed the resistance prediction model. Results: We identified 93, 88, 80, 140 AMR-associated features for IPM, MEM, TZP, and LVFX resistance in P. aeruginosa. The relative abundance of AMR-associated genes was obtained by matching mNGS and WGS data. The top 20 features with importance degree for IPM, MEM, TZP, and LVFX resistance were used to model, respectively. Then, we used the random forest algorithm to construct resistance prediction models of P. aeruginosa, in which the areas under the curves of the IPM, MEM, TZP, and LVFX resistance prediction models were all greater than 0.8, suggesting these resistance prediction models had good performance. Conclusion: In summary, mNGS can predict the resistance of P. aeruginosa by directly detecting AMR-associated genes, which provides a reference for rapid clinical detection of drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria.

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With multiscale hierarchical structure, wood is suitable for a range of high-value applications, especially as a chromatographic matrix. Here, we have aimed to provide a weak anion-exchange polymeric monolithic column based on natural wood with high permeability and stability for effectively separating the targeted protein. The wood-polymeric monolithic column was synthesized by in situ polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in wood, and coupled with diethylaminoethyl hydrochloride. The wood-polymeric monolithic column can be integrated with fast-protein liquid chromatography for large-scale protein purification. According to the results, the wood-polymeric monolithic column showed high hydrophilicity, permeability and stability. Separation experiments verified that the wood-polymeric monolithic column could purify the targeted protein (spike protein of SARS-COV-2 and ovalbumin) from the mixed proteins by ion exchange, and the static adsorption capacity was 33.04 mg mL-1 and the dynamic adsorption capacity was 24.51 mg mL-1. In addition, the wood-polymerized monolithic column had good stability, and a negligible decrease in the dynamic adsorption capacity after 20 cycles. This wood-polymerized monolithic column can provide a novel, efficient, and green matrix for monolithic chromatographic columns.

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