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Oral microbiome dysbiosis, triggered by increased oral pathogens or decreased commercial bacteria, leads to oral and systemic diseases. Recent ecological events suggest that periodontal disease is a risk factor of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The oral microbiome dysbiosis is believed to be associated with oral disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APO). However, the pathogenic mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on how pregnancy associated pathogenic oral microbiome dysbiosis can trigger gestational periodontal diseases and poor birth outcomes, especially the role of periodontal pathogenic bacteria in the mechanisms of how gestational periodontal diseases cause APO, and the effect of periodontal therapy during pregnancy on birth outcomes.

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This paper reviews the limitations of current infectious disease surveillance and early warning system in China, analyzes the concepts and countermeasures of the establishment of an intelligent early warning platform of infectious diseases based on multi-point trigger mechanism and multi-channel surveillance mechanism and proposes the realization routes for the purpose of facilitating capacity building and improvement of surveillance and early warning of infectious diseases in China.

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Objective: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of infectious diarrhea pathogens in Pudong New Areas of Shanghai from 2013 to 2017 to provide evidence for control and prevention of the disease. Methods: From Jan 2013 to Dec 2017, active surveillance program on diarrhea was conducted in 14 sentinel hospitals (three tertiary-level and nine secondary-level, and two primary-level hospitals) in Pudong New Areas of Shanghai, based on location, catchment areas and number of patients. All recruited outpatients were interviewed in hospitals, using a standard questionnaire. Stool specimens were collected and tested for five viral and eight bacterial pathogens. Results: A total of 9 301 cases with infectious diarrhea were included, and the overall positive rate was 55.7% (5 179). Positive rates of single virus, single bacteria and mixed infections were 26.7% (2 481), 17.0% (1 579) and 12.0% (1 119), respectively. For single infection, the most commonly detected viruses appeared as norovirus (15.4%, 1 428/9 301) and rotavirus (7.2%, 667/9 301). The most commonly detected bacteria were diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (6.7%, 619/9 301) and non-typhoid Salmonella (3.3%, 305/9 301). The most common mixed infections were caused by virus-bacteria (4.9%, 459/9 301). Norovirus (17.0%, 838/4 938) showed the highest positive rates, followed by Escherichia coli (7.2%, 354/4 938), both seen in the age group of 20-59 years old group. Rotavirus (9.4%, 178/1 896) and non-typhoid Salmonella (4.9%, 93/1 896) were the most common pathogens found in the age group of 0-4 years old. The prevalence of norovirus peaked both in spring and autumn. The other peaks were seen as: Rotavirus in winter, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in summer and non-typhoid Salmonella in summer. Conclusions: Our data showed that the positive rates of infectious diarrhea pathogens were high in Pudong New Areas of Shanghai from 2013 to 2017. The dominant pathogens would include norovirus, rotavirus and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli but with differenct distributions in age groups. Obvious seasonal patterns were also observed.

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Diarrhea is a common cause of morbidity and mortality and the incidence of diarrhea in the world has changed little over the past four decades. To assess the prevalence of and healthcare practices for diarrhea, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Pudong, Shanghai, China. In October 2014, a total of 5324 community residents were interviewed. Respondents were asked if they had experienced diarrhea (defined as ⩾3 passages of watery, loose, bloody, or mucoid stools within a 24-h period) in the previous month prior to the interview. The monthly prevalence of diarrhea was 4·1% (95% CI: 3·3-4·8), corresponding to an incidence rate of 0·54 episodes per person-year. The proportion of individuals with diarrhea who sought healthcare was 21·2% (95% CI: 13·4-29·0). Diarrhea continues to impose a considerable burden on the community and healthcare system in Pudong. Young age and travel were identified as predictors of increased diarrhea occurrence.

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We report here the first demonstration of a harmonic mode-locked Raman fiber laser using the intermodal beating of a continuous-wave (CW) multiple-longitudinal-mode pump laser. By matching the Raman-cavity round-trip frequency with the intermodal-beating one of a 1064 nm CW pump source, harmonic mode-locking in phosphosilicate Raman fiber laser is stably initiated at the first-order Stokes of 1239.5 nm, and generates rectangular-shape nanosecond pulses with the pulse energy up to 4.25 nJ. Using the new type of mode-locking, the harmonic order can be discretely tuned from 78 th- to 693 rd-order, and the cavity supermode is suppressed up to 51.1 dB with the signal-to-noise ratio of more than 65 dB.

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Long-period gratings (LPG's) written in commercially available boron-codoped fibers operating at wavelengths of <1.1mum are shown to exhibit high temperature and bending sensitivities. Each resonant attenuation band of such LPG's was observed to split in two when the LPG's were bent. The split attenuation bands' separation increased significantly with increasing bend curvature, and the central wavelengths of the split bands provided a measure of temperature. We exploit this effect to allow for simultaneous measurement of temperature and bending in smart-structure applications. The demonstrated novel sensor system is simple and low cost.

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Ion clustering is one of the major dissipative processes in the operation of Er(3+)-doped planar waveguide amplifiers and heavily doped fiber amplifiers. We propose and demonstrate a nondestructive method for measuring the fraction of erbium ions in doped planar waveguides and fibers that are quenched by ultrafast parasitic energy transfer in ion pairs or clusters. The method is based on unsaturable absorption measurements in the 980-nm absorption band. By combining transmission data at resonance with the corresponding data for radiation outside the absorption band, the influence of background and coupling losses can be eliminated.