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INTRODUCTION: Variation in MRSA genotypes may affect the sensitivity of molecular assays to detect this organism. METHODS: We compared 2 commonly used screening assays, the Cepheid™ Xpert® MRSA and the BD MAX™ MRSA XT on consecutively obtained nasal swabs from 479 subjects. Specimens giving discordant results were subjected to additional microbiologic and molecular testing. RESULTS: Six hundred forty-two (97.6%) of the 658 test results were concordant. Of the 16 discordant results from 12 subjects, additional results suggested that 9 (60%) of the 15 MRSA XT assays were likely correct, and 6 (40%) of the 15 Xpert® assays were likely correct. One discordant result could not be resolved. A mecA dropout and novel mec right-extremity junction (MREJ) sites led to false-positive and negative results by Xpert®. CONCLUSION: While both assays performed well, continued vigilance is needed to monitor for Staphylococcus aureus with novel MREJ sites, mecA dropouts, and mecC, leading to inaccurate results in screening assays.

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Introducción y objetivos: La diabetes mellitus está asociada a mayor riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y su prevalencia está en aumento. La diabetes mellitus induce estrés metabólico a las células vasculares, lo cual promueve la activación plaquetaria y la disfunción vascular. El grado de activación de las células vasculares se puede medir con el número y el fenotipo de las micropartículas circulantes. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar el efecto de una dosis de ácido acetilsalicílico con acción inhibidora plaquetaria en el número y el tipo de las micropartículas liberadas a la circulación. Métodos: Se inscribió a 43 pacientes diabéticos que recibieron una dosis diaria de 100 mg de ácido acetilsalicílico durante 10 días, con objeto de cubrir el periodo medio de vida de las plaquetas en la circulación. Antes y después del periodo de intervención, se caracterizaron y cuantificaron las micropartículas circulantes mediante citometría de flujo. Resultados: Respecto a los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, aquellos con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 presentaron el doble de micropartículas circulantes positivas para factor tisular (derivadas de plaquetas y monocitos) y micropartículas positivas para selectina E de origen endotelial. El tratamiento con ácido acetilsalicílico inhibió significativamente las plaquetas, puesto que la generación de tromboxano derivado de la ciclooxigenasa 1 disminuyó un 99%. Se produjo una reducción significativa de las micropartículas derivadas de eritrocitos, monocitos activados y células de músculo liso tras 10 días de administración de ácido acetilsalicílico. Conclusiones: Estos resultados indican que: a) las células vasculares y hemáticas de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 están expuestas a un mayor estrés continuo, que se refleja en el origen y la cantidad de sus micropartículas; b) el tratamiento con ácido acetilsalicílico inhibe la activación de las células de la pared vascular y la liberación de micropartículas, y c) los efectos del ácido acetilsalicílico son similares en la diabetes mellitus tipos 1 y 2 (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an enhanced risk for cardiovascular disease and its prevalence is increasing. Diabetes induces metabolic stress on blood and vascular cells, promoting platelet activation and vascular dysfunction. The level of vascular cell activation can be measured by the number and phenotype of microparticles found in the circulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a platelet-inhibitory dose of aspirin on the number and type of microparticles shed to the circulation. Methods: Forty-three diabetic patients were enrolled in the study and received a daily dose of 100 mg of aspirin for 10 days to cover the average platelet life-span in the circulation. Before and after the intervention period, circulating microparticles were characterized and quantified by flow cytometry. Results: Type 1 diabetic patients had about twice the number of tissue factor-positive circulating microparticles (derived both from platelets and monocytes) and endothelial-derived E-selectin positive microparticles than type 2 diabetic patients. Aspirin therapy significantly inhibited platelets since cyclooxygenase 1 derived thromboxane generation levels were reduced by 99%. Microparticles derived from erythrocytes, activated monocytes, and smooth muscle cells were significantly reduced after 10 days of aspirin administration. Conclusions: These results indicate that: a) vascular and blood cells in type 1 diabetic patients are exposed to more sustained stress shown by their specific microparticle origin and levels; b) aspirin therapy inhibits vascular wall cell activation and microparticle shedding, and c) the effects of aspirin are similar in type 1 and 2 diabetes (AU)

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an enhanced risk for cardiovascular disease and its prevalence is increasing. Diabetes induces metabolic stress on blood and vascular cells, promoting platelet activation and vascular dysfunction. The level of vascular cell activation can be measured by the number and phenotype of microparticles found in the circulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a platelet-inhibitory dose of aspirin on the number and type of microparticles shed to the circulation. METHODS: Forty-three diabetic patients were enrolled in the study and received a daily dose of 100mg of aspirin for 10 days to cover the average platelet life-span in the circulation. Before and after the intervention period, circulating microparticles were characterized and quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Type 1 diabetic patients had about twice the number of tissue factor-positive circulating microparticles (derived both from platelets and monocytes) and endothelial-derived E-selectin positive microparticles than type 2 diabetic patients. Aspirin therapy significantly inhibited platelets since cyclooxygenase 1 derived thromboxane generation levels were reduced by 99%. Microparticles derived from erythrocytes, activated monocytes, and smooth muscle cells were significantly reduced after 10 days of aspirin administration. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that: a) vascular and blood cells in type 1 diabetic patients are exposed to more sustained stress shown by their specific microparticle origin and levels; b) aspirin therapy inhibits vascular wall cell activation and microparticle shedding, and c) the effects of aspirin are similar in type 1 and 2 diabetes.

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BACKGROUND: A robust and consistent association between increasing body mass index (BMI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been reported in several observational studies. Obesity remains the main preventable risk factor for CKD because it largely mediates diabetes and hypertension, the 2 most common etiologies for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Obesity is associated weakly with early stages of kidney disease but strongly with kidney progression to ESKD, even after adjustment for hypertension and diabetes. AIM: To assess the relationship between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and trans-thoracic echocardiography left ventricular function parameters in a cohort of patients with obesity. MATERIALS & METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving 324 obese (BMI=44.0±2.2Kg/m(2)) apparently healthy asymptomatic patients with an eGFR >60ml/min/1.73m(2). Each patient underwent transthoracic echocardiography and a blood testing. The eGFR was addressed by the CKD-EPI formula. RESULTS: All patients had a normal systolic function whereas 24.5% disclosed diastolic dysfunction (DD). Hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence were 34.5% and 4.5% (respectively). All patients disclosed an eGFR >60ml/min while none of them disclosed hyperfiltration (eGFR >120ml/min). eGFR correlated inversely with BMI and the duration of obesity and positively with diastolic function parameters (P<0.001 for all, respectively). Patients with diastolic dysfunction displayed lower eGFR (P<0.0005) and longer duration of obesity (P<0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and its duration are likely to impose hemodynamic changes affecting simultaneously both heart (diastolic dysfunction) and kidney (decreased glomerular filtration rate). Larger prospective studies are warranted.

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Diabetic (DM) patients have exacerbated atherosclerosis and high CVD burden. Changes in lipid metabolism, lipoprotein structure, and dysfunctional HDL are characteristics of diabetes. Our aim was to investigate whether serum ApoA-I, the main protein in HDL, was biochemically modified in DM patients. By using proteomic technologies, we have identified a 26 kDa ApoA-I form in serum. MS analysis revealed this 26 kDa form as a novel truncated variant lacking amino acids 1-38, ApoA-IΔ(1-38). DM patients show a 2-fold increase in ApoA-IΔ(1-38) over nondiabetic individuals. ApoA-IΔ(1-38) is found in LDL, but not in VLDL or HDL, with an increase in LDL3 and LDL4 subfractions. To identify candidate mechanisms of ApoA-I truncation, we investigated potentially involved enzymes by in silico data mining, and tested the most probable molecule in an established animal model of diabetes. We have found increased hepatic cathepsin D activity as one of the potential proteases involved in ApoA-I truncation. Cathepsin D-cleaved ApoA-I exhibited increased LDL binding affinity and decreased antioxidant activity against LDL oxidation. In conclusion, we show for the first time: a) presence of a novel truncated ApoA-I form, ApoA-IΔ(1-38), in human serum; b) ApoA-IΔ(1-38) is transported by LDL; c) ApoA-IΔ(1-38) is increased in dense LDL fractions of DM patients; and d) cathepsin D-ApoA-I truncation may lead to ApoA-IΔ(1-38) binding to LDLs, increasing their susceptibility to oxidation and contributing to the high cardiovascular risk of DM patients.

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BACKGROUND: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is a marker of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and predicts type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) as well as coronary events independently of traditional risk factors and the features of the metabolic syndrome. The extent to which interventricular septum thickness (IVS) and left ventricular mass (LVM) are associated with ALT levels in cohorts of individuals with body weights ranging from overweight to morbid obesity and NAFLD remains still unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional pilot study involving 151 young White participants with liver ultrasound-proven NAFLD. Standard echocardiograms were used to define LVM, IVS, and left ventricle diastolic function [mitral inflow velocity pattern (E/A ratio) and mitral annulus velocity by tissue Doppler imaging (Em/Am ratio)]. Participants were classified according to ALT quartiles: p25, p50, p75, and p100. RESULTS: The study included 36 men and 115 women with an age of 38.4 ± 0.7 years and BMI of 43.9 ± 0.6 kg/m2. p100 participants disclosed significantly higher homeostasis model assessment (P=0.003), DM2 (P=0.002), and hypertension (P=0.01) prevalence, whereas LVM, IVS, E/A, and Em/Am ratios were significantly higher in this group when compared with their p25 peers (P<0.01). IVS's and LVM's variance were significantly predicted by the statistical models including ALT independently of BMI, hypertension, and DM2. CONCLUSION: ALT levels predict both IVS and LVM in NAFLD individuals irrespective of their BMI, DM2, hypertension, age, and sex. ALT levels behave as a surrogate marker of left ventricular hypertrophy in overweight and/or obese NAFLD patients. Hence, it seems worth obtaining cardiac ultrasounds in NAFLD patients with elevated ALT levels.

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BACKGROUND: The adipose tissue is an endocrine regulator and a risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease when by excessive accumulation induces obesity. Although the adipose tissue is also a reservoir for stem cells (ASC) their function and "stemcellness" has been questioned. Our aim was to investigate the mechanisms by which obesity affects subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) stem cells. RESULTS: Transcriptomics, in silico analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blots were performed on isolated stem cells from subcutaneous abdominal WAT of morbidly obese patients (ASCmo) and of non-obese individuals (ASCn). ASCmo and ASCn gene expression clustered separately from each other. ASCmo showed downregulation of "stemness" genes and upregulation of adipogenic and inflammatory genes with respect to ASCn. Moreover, the application of bioinformatics and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed that the transcription factor Smad3 was tentatively affected in obese ASCmo. Validation of this target confirmed a significantly reduced Smad3 nuclear translocation in the isolated ASCmo. CONCLUSIONS: The transcriptomic profile of the stem cells reservoir in obese subcutaneous WAT is highly modified with significant changes in genes regulating stemcellness, lineage commitment and inflammation. In addition to body mass index, cardiovascular risk factor clustering further affect the ASC transcriptomic profile inducing loss of multipotency and, hence, capacity for tissue repair. In summary, the stem cells in the subcutaneous WAT niche of obese patients are already committed to adipocyte differentiation and show an upregulated inflammatory gene expression associated to their loss of stemcellness.

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OBJECTIVE: Obesity and disturbed eating behaviors are both associated with low self-esteem and distorted body images. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of a dance therapy program on the evolution of mental representations linked to body image among obese patients. Changes in body image were evaluated in terms of four parameters: physical, psychological, cognitive, and social. METHODS: In total, 18 obese patients were enrolled in a longitudinal dance therapy workshop (DTW) program lasting 36 weeks. Patients danced for 2h per week and were evaluated three times: at baseline, after 18 weeks, and at the end of the study (36 weeks). Evaluation was performed using questionnaires addressing health-related quality of life, sensorial-motor perception, and mental representations linked to body schema and self-body image. RESULTS: Obese patients enrolled in the DTW displayed a significant improvement in health-related quality of life (p<0.03), body consciousness (p<0.001), and mental representations linked to self body image (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: DTW allowed obese patients to reset both their somatic and psychic consciousness of their body image. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Patients are usually reluctant to practice physical activity. Dance therapy improves not only body image, but also psycho-social aspects of their personality.

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It has been demonstrated that the adipose tissue, a highly functional metabolic tissue, is a reservoir of mesenchymal stem cells. The potential use of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from white adipose tissue (WAT) for organ repair and regeneration has been considered because of their obvious benefits in terms of accessibility and quantity of available sample. However, the functional capability of ADSCs from subjects with different adiposity has not been investigated. It has been our hypothesis that ADSCs from adipose tissue of patients with metabolic syndrome and high adiposity may be functionally impaired. We report that subcutaneous WAT stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from nonobese individuals had a significantly higher number of CD90+ cells than SVF from obese patients. The isolated ADSCs from WAT of obese patients had reduced differentiation potential and were less proangiogenic. Therefore, ADSCs in adipose tissue of obese patients have lower capacity for spontaneous or therapeutic repair than ADSCs from nonobese metabolically normal individuals.

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Neurosurgery is the most widely used definite treatment for pituitary tumors, while medical treatments are a good option to improve symptoms, which tend to recur when drugs are stopped. The aim of this study was to assess postsurgical morbidity of secreting pituitary adenomas (adrenocorticotropin hormone -ACTH- and growth hormone -GH- secreting) and non-functioning (NF) adenomas, operated between January 2002 and May 2009. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 94 patients who were operated by the same neurosurgeons and compared the immediate (1st month) and delayed (1st year) complications between the three groups of adenomas. Forty had immediate post-operative complications (42% of NF, 37% of GH-secreting and 48% of ACTH-secreting adenomas). The most frequent complications were transient diabetes insipidus (23%), cerebrospinal fluid leaks (7%), sinusitis and meningitis (2%). Patients with Cushing's disease showed a tendency to have more transient diabetes insipidus and sinusitis compared to NF adenomas (P = 0.071). Ten patients had delayed complications during the first post-operative year (7% of NF, 11% of GH-secreting and 15% of ACTH-secreting), with a greater incidence of arthromyalgias and acute carpal tunnel syndrome in ACTH-secreting adenomas, compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). We conclude, that although ACTH-secreting adenomas are mostly microadenomas (78%) and affect younger patients, they are associated with a greater number of immediate and delayed complications during the first postoperative year (mainly invalidating arthromyalgias and acute carpal tunnel syndrome) compared with larger GH-secreting and NF adenomas, probably related to acute glucocorticoid deprivation after successful surgery.

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BACKGROUND: The most commonly encountered dyslipidemia in obese individuals is characterized by a cluster of interrelated plasma lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities including hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol values, and increased small, dense LDL cholesterol particles. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in lipid profiles at baseline (pre-operatively) and at follow-up (6, 12, and 18 months) after a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP). A retrospective observational study was performed involving all patients who consecutively underwent a LRYGBP between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009. Fasting lipids sub-fractions (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) were measured and HOMA-IR calculated pre-operatively and at follow-up post-LRYGBP. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between excess weight loss (EWL) and lipid sub-fractions. ANOVA was used to assess the differences between each lipid sub-fraction at various time-points. METHODS: One hundred twenty eight (N = 128) medical charts were reviewed, and those containing data on lipid fractions at the three follow-up time-points were analyzed. One hundred fourteen patients (N = 114), 84 of whom were women (73.7%), were finally included in the study. RESULTS: Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and HOMA-IR were significantly reduced after LRYGBP (P < 0.0005 for all). Inversely, HDL cholesterol disclosed a significant rise (P < 0.0005). Noteworthy significant associations between lipid subfractions and EWL were detected overall (P < 0.0005 for all). A gender effect was found since female patients displayed a milder association than male patients (P < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: LRYGBP-induced weight loss improves the lipid profile while reducing insulin resistance, with male patients showing a better profile than female patients.

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BACKGROUND: Simple and efficient screening methods are lacking for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), the most common and most difficult to treat of the long-term diabetic complications. Increased levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta1) in type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) plays an immunomodulatory role in diabetic nephropathy and, possibly, in atherosclerotic evolution. Since preliminary interrelationships between experimental DPN and TGFbeta1 have been observed, we sought to assess whether TGFbeta1 could be a biomarker molecule for human DPN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional cohort study focused on the assessment of the interrelationships between TGFbeta1 levels, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetic nephropathy (DNF), and neuropathy (DPN) in a group of T2DM patients (N=180; male 117, female 63) randomly selected from the North Catalonia Diabetes Study. DPN was diagnosed using clinical and neurophysiology evaluation. Incipient DNF was assessed by microalbuminuria (MAU). Total TGFbeta1 (without acidification) was measured by immunoassay by ELISA (Promega). RESULTS: DPN correlated with age, time of diabetes duration, MAU, CVD, and TGFbeta1 (P<.0001). Log-transformed TGFbeta1 (logTGbeta1) was significantly higher in patients with DPN than in those without (P<.0005). LogTGFbeta1 (OR=7.5; P=.006), age (OR=1.1; P<.0005), and logMAU (OR=2.0; P=.016) appear as significant estimators of the occurrence of DPN in our series. The integrated ROC curve evaluation with these three parameters expressed an important sensitivity (78.1%), specificity (76.0%), positive predictive value (79.2%), and negative predictive value (70.3%) in relation to DPN presence. DISCUSSION: TGFbeta1 stands as an important biomarker molecule for DFN and DPN screening in our series. Further prospective studies are warranted.

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The incorporation of subjective elements provided by the patient to medical practice constitutes a new bridge between two historical movements of human culture: naturalism and rationalism. In recent years, medical sciences have identified these movements as patient-centered medicine and evidence-based medicine. By revisiting the paradigms of medicine, theories of causality, doctor-patient relationship models, bioethical principles and examples of clinical studies, their role and meaning has been revised. The applicability for neuroendocrinology has been demonstrated by validating therapeutic results with measurement of health-related quality of life. The need to incorporate the patient's subjective perception poses a challenge that, when accepted, can advance the understanding and care of human beings--ultimately rational, thinking subjects, and therefore subjective--as our species has been defined.

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La incorporación de elementos subjetivos aportados por el paciente en la práctica constituye un nuevo puente entre dos corrientes históricamente pendulares de la cultura humana: naturalismo y racionalismo. En las ciencias médicas de los últimos años, estas corrientes se identifican en la medicina centrada en el paciente y en la medicina basada en la evidencia. Revisando los paradigmas de la medicina, las teorías de causalidad, los modelos de relación médico-paciente, principios de bioética y con ejemplos de estudios clínicos, estudiamos su lugar y su significado. Desde la neuroendocrinología, con la validación de resultados terapéuticos mediante la medición de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, mostramos su aplicabilidad. La necesaria incorporación de la percepción subjetiva del paciente plantea un desafío que, asumido, puede contribuir con un paso más hacia la comprensión y el cuidado del sujeto humano, en última instancia materia pensante, luego subjetiva, como ha sido definida nuestra especie (AU)

The incorporation of subjective elements provided by the patient to medical practice constitutes a new bridge between two historical movements of human culture: naturalism and rationalism. In recent years, medical sciences have identified these movements as patient-centered medicine and evidence-based medicine.By revisiting the paradigms of medicine, theories of causality, doctor-patient relationship models, bioethical principles and examples of clinical studies, their role and meaning has been revised. The applicability for neuroendocrinology has been demonstrated by validating therapeutic results with measurement of health-related quality of life. The need to incorporate the patient’s subjective perception poses a challenge that, when accepted, can advance the understanding and care of human beings —ultimately rational, thinking subjects, and therefore subjective— as our species has been defined (AU)

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BACKGROUND: It is well known that obesity is a risk factor for severe cardiovascular complications, such as coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, venous thromboembolic disease, and atrial fibrillation. Left ventricle (LV) and left atrium (LA) enlargement is a characteristic feature of these patients with the consequent cardiovascular risk. Factors other than hemodynamic may influence LA remodeling. The aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between adiponectin and LA size in uncomplicated obese patients. METHODS: Seventy-four asymptomatic obese patients and an age- and sex-matched control group (N = 70) were recruited. A detailed clinical, echocardiographic, and analytical study was performed. Insulin resistance was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) method. Insulin sensitivity was assessed measuring serum total adiponectin concentrations. RESULTS: Adiponectin levels were lower in the obese group (P < 0.001) and particularly so in those obese participants with enlarged LA (32%; P < 0.0005). LA sizes were higher in the obese group (P < 0.0005). Adiponectin displayed significant correlations with body mass index, glucose, insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations as well as HOMA-IR (P < 0.001 for all). Adiponectin displayed significant correlations with LV mass and LA size, diastolic and systolic cardiac volumes and diameters, and cardiac output (P < 0.001 for all). Adiponectin correlations with LA size (r = -0.429; P < 0.001) persisted after adjustment for HOMA-IR, age, sex, and LV mass. CONCLUSIONS: A novel inverse relationship between adiponectin and LA size independent of age, sex, insulin resistance, and LV mass appears in our series. Adiponectin could be a link between adipose tissue and the heart, having an influence on cardiac remodeling.

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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Quality of life (QoL) is impaired in patients with pituitary tumors, even after biochemical cure. However, it is not usually assessed in daily practice. The aim of this study is to highlight recent findings on QoL in the different types of pituitary adenomas and hypopituitarism. RECENT FINDINGS: Patients with acromegaly or Cushing's syndrome have the greatest impairment of QoL, and concomitant hypopituitarism worsens it further. The use of disease-generated QoL questionnaires allows dimensions specifically affected in that disease to be addressed and these dimensions are more sensitive to change after successful therapy; in some cases, improvement in patients' sense of well-being has been shown despite no hormonal change, indicating that evaluation of QoL is not such a soft end-point as thought by some. SUMMARY: Systematic evaluation of QoL in patients with pituitary diseases provides information not always contemplated by hormonal and routine clinical evaluation; this allows detection of not often contemplated health problems, which may then be approached and treated, improving the care provided to these patients.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), and their control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at primary care settings from the North Catalonia Diabetes Study (NCDS). DATA SOURCES: In this multicentre cross-sectional descriptive study, data were collected from a random sample of 307 patients with T2DM. The prevalence of CVD, CVRF, metabolic syndrome (MS), coronary heart disease (CHD) risk at 10 years (Framingham Point Scores), and CVRF control was evaluated. MS and lipid profiles were established according to Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. CONCLUSIONS: CVD prevalence was 22.0% (CHD: 18.9% and peripheral ischemia: 4.5%) and more frequent in men. The prevalence of selected CVRF was: hypertension: 74.5%; dyslipidemia: 77.7%; smoking: 14.9%; obesity 44.9%, and familial CVD: 38.4%. Three or more CVRFs, including T2DM, were observed in 91.3%. MS prevalence was 68.7%. Framingham score was 10.0%, higher in men than in women. CVD prevalence was related to: age, number of CVRFs, duration of diabetes, familial history of CVD, waist circumference, hypertension, lipid profile, kidney disease, and Framingham score, but not to MS by itself. Correct lipid profiles and blood pressure were only observed in 18.9% and 24.0%, respectively, whereas platelet aggregation inhibitors were only recorded in 16.1% of the patient cohort. MS presence was not an independent risk factor of CVD in our study. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The high prevalence of CVD and an inadequate control of CVRF, which were apparent in the NCDS population, would suggest that advanced practice nurses should consider incorporating specific cardiovascular assessment in their routine care of persons with T2DM.

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OBJECTIVE: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is often encountered in morbid obesity (MO) in conjunction with insulin resistance (IR) and several cardio-vascular risk factors. Aminoterminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a promising marker for left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) in MO. The aim of this study was to look for possible correlations between SDB, IR, heart structure and function indexes and NT-proBNP levels in MO female subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving 110 MO (44.5+/-0.7 kg m(-2)) apparently healthy, young (37.8+/-1.0 y.o.) female patients. NT-proBNP was measured using an ELISA kit (Roche). Echo-cardiograms were performed to quantify left ventricular ejection fraction values (LVEF), cardiac output (CO), left ventricular mass (LVM), left atria size (LA) and left ventricular filling pressures (the E/Em ratio). The Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) was used to assess the risk of SDB. IR and sensitivity were assessed using the HOMA index and adiponectin measurements, respectively. RESULTS: All patients had a normal LVEF (>50%). Hypertension and Type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalences were 34.5 and 4.5% (respectively). Log-transformed NT-proBNP levels correlated with BQ categories (P<0.0005), creatinine (P<0.001), age (P<0.05), LVM (P<0.001), CO (P<0.001), LA (P<0.0005) and E/Em (P<0.01). NT-proBNP levels, LVD and LVM increased significantly along with BQ scores (P<0.0001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified BQ and log-transformed HOMA as independent variables predicting as much as 48.0% of log-transformed NT-proBNP's variability (dependent variable). CONCLUSIONS: NT-proBNP levels are independently predicted by SDB and IR in asymptomatic MO women. Additionally, SDB worsens along with LVH and diastolic dysfunction. Larger prospective studies are warranted.

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Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is often encountered in morbid obesity (MO) in conjunction with insulin resistance (IR). Aminoterminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a promising marker for left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) in MO. We sought to explore the factors that may influence the relationships of SDB and IR with NT-proBNP in MO women. We performed a cross-sectional pilot study involving 110 asymptomatic MO (44.5+/-0.7 kg/m2) young women. SDB risk was assessed using a modified version of the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ). IR was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index and adiponectin levels. LVD was assessed using NT-proBNP and echocardiograms. In this study, NT-proBNP levels and LVD increased significantly along the BQ strata. Multiple regression analysis identified BQ and log-transformed HOMA as the independent variables predicting as much as 48.0% of the variability of logNT-proBNP. In conclusion, NT-pro-BNP levels are independently predicted by SDB and IR in asymptomatic MO women. Larger prospective studies are warranted.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between insulin resistance (IR) and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in asymptomatic patients with morbid obesity (MO). METHODS: The study cohort consisted of 231 patients (165 women and 66 men) with MO (mean body mass index [BMI] of 46.0 kg/m2) and a control group of 93 age-and sex-matched apparently healthy control subjects (56 women and 37 men; mean BMI of 24.1 kg/m2). Tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography was used to provide measurements of ejection fraction, LVDD (peak early tissue Doppler velocity/peak late tissue Doppler velocity or Em/Am ratio), left ventricular mass (LVM), and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Adiponectin levels, the homeostasis model assessment index, and the ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL) were used as surrogate markers of IR. RESULTS: The ejection fraction was normal and similar in the patient and control groups. LVDD (Em/Am ratio <1.0) and LVH prevalences were 52% and 30%, respectively, in the group with MO (significantly higher than in the control group; P<0.0005). The patients with MO displayed higher IR on the basis of all 3 surrogate markers (P<0.0005, respectively). Log-transformed adiponectin showed the strongest correlations with LVM and Em/Am ratios; log-transformed homeostasis model assessment index and TG/HDL ratio displayed less robust yet significant correlations. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis identified hypertension and the TG/HDL ratio as independent predictors of 35.5% of the variance of LVDD. In contrast, LVM was mainly predicted by BMI, hypertension, and sex. CONCLUSION: LVH and LVDD are highly prevalent in asymptomatic patients with MO. IR is significantly correlated with both variables. Furthermore, LVDD is independently predicted by the presence of hypertension and the TG/HDL ratio. The prognostic implications of these findings warrant further studies.

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