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BACKGROUND: The appearance of antibodies to platelets in the blood is an important cause of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and platelet glycoprotein (GP)-specific antibody detection may be helpful to diagnose this condition. METHODS: Photonic crystal microspheres with different distinct reflection spectra were coated with anti-GPIIb, -GPIIIa, -GPIb and -GPIX monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to create a photonic crystal-encoded suspension array (PCSA). Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled goat anti-human IgG was added to detect human IgG simultaneously. The detection results were analysed by fluorescence microscopy. Parallel MoAb immobilization of platelet antigen (MAIPA) was used as a reference test. Both methods were used to analyse 63 clinical samples including serum from 32 ITP patients and 31 healthy humans. RESULTS: The PCSA showed greater sensitivity than MAIPA in detecting anti-GPIIb (75.0% vs 31.1%) and GPIIIa (84.4% vs 40.6%) antibodies and similar sensitivity as MAIPA in detecting anti-GPIb (37.5% vs 34.4%) and GPIX (50.0% vs 40.8%) antibodies. The MAIPA and PCSA tests had similar specificity. The PCSA detected higher dilutions of serum containing anti-GPIIIa antibody or anti-GPIIb antibody than did MAIPA. The entire testing process was controlled within 3.5h. CONCLUSIONS: The PCSA assay described has comparable or better sensitivity and specificity compared to the MAIPA and is more rapid.

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For analysis of biomacromolecules, a sensitive, specified and reliable method is indispensable. Fluorescent dyes or fluorophores have been widely used as mediums to obtain readout signals in various assays or bioimaging because of their versatilities such as biocompatibility. Those fluorescent dyes based techniques manipulate many molecular interactions for analysis of biomacromolecules including antibody-protein interaction, base complementation, glycan-lectin interaction, etc. The strategies to manipulate those molecular interactions are various and always updating due to the development of biotechnological tools and instruments. In this minireview, we summarize the state of the art of signal improvement techniques for fluorescence detection of biomacromolecules especially proteins and nucleic acids. We focus on the principle and mechanism of those techniques for fluorescence detection of biomacromolecules. We also discuss the future trend of the techniques for fluorescence detection of biomacromolecules.

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a new class of noncoding RNAs, which can hybridize to target messenger RNAs and regulate their expression posttranscriptionally, express differentially in distinct stages of lymphopoiesis and influence the direction of lymphoid precursor maturation. Hence, there is aberrant expression of miRNAs involved in malignant lymphopoiesis, and these aberrations can be used as signatures of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with different subtypes. In addition, changes in the expression of several miRNAs may have functional relevance with leukemogenesis or drug resistance. As a result, the reversal of the expression of these miRNAs may alleviate the disease to some extent and improve clinical outcomes. However, among the studies of miRNAs, there are still some problems that need to be solved to understand the function of miRNAs in ALL more thoroughly.

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Carbon inverse opal rods made from silica photonic crystal rods are used for nonenzymatic cholesterol sensing. The characteristic reflection peak originating from the physical periodic structure works as sensing signals for quantitatively estimating cholesterol concentrations. Carbon inverse opal rods work both in cholesterol standard solutions and human serum. They are suitable for practical use in clinical diagnose.

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Malignant tumor has become the leading cause of death worldwide; however, multiplex detection technology could provide great assistance in large-scale population screening of diseases which could effectively reduce the mortality of malignant tumors. Here a microbeads array chip, which could be a perfect alternative method for the early screening, was developed. Silica-hydrogel hybrid bead (SHHB) with photonic encoding, which consists of both silica and hydrogel materials, was manufactured as the carrier of microbeads array for the first time. The SHHB has the advantages of the beads made of silica or hydrogel, but does not have their limitations. Reaction conditions of SHHBs array were optimized and then the fluorescent concentration curves of two widely-used tumor markers, human alpha fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen, were constructed. The accuracy of SHHBs array has been proven according to the comparison between the results obtained by detecting 50 clinical samples with SHHBs array and chemiluminescence immunoassay. A cassette like chip device has also been developed to standardize operational processes and benefit automization in the next work. Hence it is concluded that SHHBs array chip is a handy, rapid and multiplex immunoassay technology, which could imply its practical application in clinical immunoassay in the near future.

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An easy-operated suspension array based on silica colloidal crystal beads is developed for multiplex analysis of tumor multidrug-resistance genes expression, such as multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), and potentially single nucleotide polymorphism. In order to obtain high fluorescence intensity, controlled PCR was used to amplify targets at the samples pretreatment stage. By optimizing the conditions a hybridization procedure, which is similar to nucleic acids analysis with binary probes, was established. Small amounts of analytes 10(-19) M could be detected by the method. The K562 cell, human myeloma cell, and its multidrug-resistance string, adriamycin-selected P-glycoprotein-overexpressed K562/A02, were analyzed by using an established procedure to validate feasibility. Clinical blood samples were detected by our method and real-time PCR simultaneously to validate accuracy. Moreover, when combined with multiplex controlled PCR, the method successfully meets the requirements of multiplex analysis. Hence, the method presented is a good method for multiplex analysis of tumor multidrug-resistance genes expression.

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