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This study aims to compare the effects of three calcium compounds on the workability, setting time and mechanical properties of red mud (RM)-blast furnace slag (BFS)-based geopolymers. The crystalline phase, hydration process and microstructure of RM-BFS-based geopolymers were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), heat evolution, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests. The results showed that an appropriate amount of calcium compounds can improve the flowability and compressive strength of the geopolymers, but the excessiveness causes a decrease in strength due to rapid hardening. Other than calcium carbonate, both calcium oxide and calcium chloride played important roles in accelerating the setting times of RM-BFS-based geopolymers. The acceleration in the setting times of geopolymers could be attributed to the calcium hydroxide produced by the dissolution of the calcium compounds, which also provides nucleation sites for the geopolymerization reaction. This study gives new insights into the effect of calcium on the setting times and mechanical properties of geopolymers in the geopolymerization process.

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The mortality rate for intensive care unit tuberculosis-destroyed lung (TDL) patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) remains high. We conducted a retrospective analysis of adult TDL patients requiring MV who were admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary infectious disease hospital in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China from January 2019 to March 2023. Univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses were conducted to determine independent patient prognostic risk factors that were used to construct a predictive model of patient mortality. A total of 331 patients were included, the median age was 63.0 (50.0-71.0) years, 262 (79.2%) were males and the mortality rate was 48.64% (161/331). Training and validation data sets were obtained from 245 and 86 patients, respectively. Analysis of the training data set revealed that body mass index <18.5 kg/m2, blood urea nitrogen ≥7.14 mmol/L and septic shock were independent risk factors for increased mortality of TDL patients requiring MV. These variables were then used to construct a risk-based model for predicting patient mortality. Area under curve, sensitivity, and specificity values obtained using the model for the training data set were 0.808, 79.17%, and 68.80%, respectively, and corresponding values obtained using the validation data set were 0.876, 95.12%, and 62.22%, respectively. Concurrent correction curve and decision curve analyses confirmed the high predictive ability of the model, indicating its potential to facilitate early identification and classification-based clinical management of high-risk TDL patients requiring MV.

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With global warming and increasing eutrophication of water bodies, a variety of algal toxins, including microcystin (MC), released into water by cyanobacterial blooms pose a serious threat to the survival of aquatic organisms. To investigate the mechanism of the Nrf2/Keap1a pathway on resisting MC-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in Cristata plicata, we cloned the full-length cDNA of CpBcl-2. The cDNA full-length of CpBcl-2 was 760 bp, encoded a 177 amino acid peptide, and contained a highly conserved Bcl-2-like superfamily domain. MC stimulation increased the expression and activity levels of related antioxidant enzymes. After CpNrf2 knockdown, the transcription levels of NAD(P)H quinone redox Enzyme-1 (NQO1) and related antioxidant enzymes activity in the gills and kidney of C. plicata were significantly down-regulated upon MC stress, but that was significantly upregulated after knockdown of CpKeap1a. Additionally, Upon MC stress, the mRNA levels of CpBcl-2 were increased in the gills and kidney after knockdown of CpNrf2 at 24 h, and that of CpBcl-2 were decreased at 72 and 96 h in the CpKeap1a-siRNA+MC group. Moreover, MC stimulation significantly inhibited CpJNK expression in the gills and kidney, but which regulated the Nrf2/Keap1a pathway in C. plicata. However, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 promoted the expression of CpNrf2 and related enzymes with antioxidant response element (ARE-driven enzyme) in the gills and kidney. Then, we speculated that CpKeap1a was a negative regulator of CpNrf2, and C. plicata resisted MC-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis by inhibiting JNK transcription via the Nrf2/Keap1a pathway.

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Lettuce is one of the most widely cultivated and consumed dicotyledonous vegetables globally. Despite the availability of its reference genome sequence, lettuce gene annotation remains incomplete, impeding comprehensive research and the broad application of genomic resources. Long-read RNA isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) offers substantial advantages for analyzing RNA alternative splicing and aiding gene annotation, yet it faces throughput limitations. We present the HIT-ISOseq method tailored for bulk sample analysis, significantly enhancing RNA sequencing throughput on the PacBio platform by concatenating cDNA. Here we show, HIT-ISOseq generates 3-4 cDNA molecules per CCS read in lettuce, yielding 15.7 million long reads per PacBio Sequel II SMRT Cell 8 M. We validate its effectiveness in analyzing six lettuce tissue samples, including roots, stems, and leaves, revealing tissue-specific gene expression patterns and RNA isoforms. Leveraging diverse tissue long-read RNA sequencing, we refine the transcript annotation of the lettuce reference genome, expanding its GO and KEGG annotation repertoire. Collectively, this study serves as a foundational reference for genome annotation and the analysis of multi-sample isoform expression, utilizing high-throughput long-read transcriptome sequencing.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the performance of standard-definition white-light endoscopy (SD-WL), high-definition white-light endoscopy (HD-WL), and high-definition narrow-band imaging (HD-NBI) in detecting colorectal lesions in the Chinese population. METHODS: This was a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, controlled trial with a non-inferiority design. Patients undergoing endoscopy for physical examination, screening, and surveillance were enrolled from July 2017 to December 2020. The primary outcome measure was the adenoma detection rate (ADR), defined as the proportion of patients with at least one adenoma detected. The associated factors for detecting adenomas were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Out of 653 eligible patients enrolled, data from 596 patients were analyzed. The ADRs were 34.5% in the SD-WL group, 33.5% in the HD-WL group, and 37.5% in the HD-NBI group (P=0.72). The advanced neoplasm detection rates (ANDRs) in the three arms were 17.1%, 15.5%, and 10.4% (P=0.17). No significant differences were found between the SD group and HD group regarding ADR or ANDR (ADR: 34.5% vs. 35.6%, P=0.79; ANDR: 17.1% vs. 13.0%, P=0.16, respectively). Similar results were observed between the HD-WL group and HD-NBI group (ADR: 33.5% vs. 37.7%, P=0.45; ANDR: 15.5% vs. 10.4%, P=0.18, respectively). In the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, neither HD-WL nor HD-NBI led to a significant difference in overall adenoma detection compared to SD-WL (HD-WL: OR 0.91, P=0.69; HD-NBI: OR 1.15, P=0.80). CONCLUSION: HD-NBI and HD-WL are comparable to SD-WL for overall adenoma detection among Chinese outpatients. It can be concluded that HD-NBI or HD-WL is not superior to SD-WL, but more effective instruction may be needed to guide the selection of different endoscopic methods in the future. Our study's conclusions may aid in the efficient allocation and utilization of limited colonoscopy resources, especially advanced imaging technologies.

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Natural reserves (NRs) play key roles in habitat integrity conservation and biodiversity loss mitigation, and the assessment of the conservation effectiveness of NRs is needed to better manage them. Habitat quality (HQ) comprehensively reflects habitat integrity and biodiversity, but the conservation effectiveness of NRs from the perspective of HQ has rarely been determined at high spatial resolution. Taking the southern section of the Hengduan Mountains (SSHM) in Southwest China as an example, combining an InVEST-HQ model and spatiotemporal change detection methods, the effectiveness of NRs from the perspective of HQ at 30-m spatial resolution was assessed in this study. The effectiveness disparities of NRs across different properties (i.e., management level, conservation target, size, and establishment age) was analyzed and the human pressures on NRs was investigated. The results showed that the HQ of the NRs is good in the SSHM, with the area ratio of the Higher and Highest HQ ≥ 93%. Most of the NR area (94.11%) was effective at improving or maintaining a good HQ. With regard to NR properties, county NRs, NRs designated to conserving wild animals, middle NRs, and younger NRs were more effective, corresponding to management level, conservation target, size, and establishment age, respectively. The human footprint for an effective area is significantly lower than that for an ineffective area, consistent with higher HQ in the effective area and lower HQ in the ineffective area. These findings support the management and zoning of NRs in the SSHM to ensure their effectiveness.

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The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), poses a significant threat to the global fruit industry, causing damage to diverse fruits like citrus, mango, and guava. Chemical pesticides have limited effectiveness, and pesticide residues and pesticide resistance are pressing issues. Therefore, it is essential to develop environmentally friendly pest control methods to address this problem. Behavior-modifying chemicals, including male attractants and intersex protein baits, play a critical role in the control of B. dorsalis. The mature host fruit serves as both an oviposition site and food source under natural conditions, making it a potential attraction source for oriental fruit flies. Orange, Citrus sinensis, is a main host of B. dorsalis, and commercial orange juice is a common attractant for the egg laying of B. dorsalis. Although it can both attract and elicit oviposition behaviors in B. dorsalis adults, its active components are still unclear. This study utilized analytical chemistry, behavioral tests, and electrophysiology to identify the active components of commercial orange juice that attract B. dorsalis, with the aim of providing a reference for the development of behavior-modifying chemical-based techniques to control B. dorsalis. Five compounds with a high abundance were identified via a GC-MS, including D-Limonene, butanoic acid ethyl ester, ß-myrcene, linalool, and α-terpineol. Behavioral and electrophysiological experiments uncovered that D-Limonene was the active substance that was the main attractant in the mixture of these five substances, evoking a strong electrophysiological response in adult B. dorsalis. D-Limonene strongly attracts adult B. dorsalis only when they are sexually mature, and the attraction is not rhythmic. Olfaction plays a leading role in the attraction of D-Limonene to adult B. dorsalis, and Orco-/- mediates the perception of D-Limonene by B. dorsalis. Overall, D-Limonene is one of the key attractant compounds for B. dorsalis in the volatile compounds of commercial orange juice, offering possible support for the development of behavior-modifying chemical-based technology to control B. dorsalis in the future.

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Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of excess fat in the liver. If left undiagnosed and untreated during the early stages, NAFLD can progress to more severe conditions such as inflammation, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver failure. In this study, machine learning techniques were employed to predict NAFLD using affordable and accessible laboratory test data, while the conventional technique hepatic steatosis index (HSI)was calculated for comparison. Six algorithms (random forest, K-nearest Neighbors, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, extreme gradient boosting, decision tree), along with an ensemble model, were utilized for dataset analysis. The objective was to develop a cost-effective tool for enabling early diagnosis, leading to better management of the condition. The issue of imbalanced data was addressed using the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique Edited Nearest Neighbors (SMOTEENN). Various evaluation metrics including the F1 score, precision, accuracy, recall, confusion matrix, the mean absolute error (MAE), receiver operating characteristics (ROC), and area under the curve (AUC) were employed to assess the suitability of each technique for disease prediction. Experimental results using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset demonstrated that the ensemble model achieved the highest accuracy (0.99) and AUC (1.00) compared to the machine learning techniques that we used and HSI. These findings indicate that the ensemble model holds potential as a beneficial tool for healthcare professionals to predict NAFLD, leveraging accessible and cost-effective laboratory test data.

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This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficiency of hybrid endoscopic submucosal dissection (H-ESD) using a newly developed ALL IN ONE (AIO) snare. This was a matched control study in a porcine model. Five paired simulated stomach lesions 2-2.5 cm in size were removed by H-ESD using an AIO snare or conventional ESD (C-ESD) using an endoscopic knife. The outcomes of the two procedures were compared, including en-bloc resection rates, procedure times, intraprocedural bleeding volumes, muscular injuries, perforations, thicknesses of the submucosal layer in resected specimens, and stomach defects. All simulated lesions were resected en-bloc. Specimens resected by H-ESD and C-ESD were similar in size (7.68 ± 2.92 vs. 8.42 ± 2.42 cm2; P = 0.676). H-ESD required a significantly shorter procedure time (13.39 ± 3.78 vs. 25.99 ± 4.52 min; P = 0.031) and submucosal dissection time (3.99 ± 1.73 vs. 13.1 ± 4.58 min; P = 0.003) versus C-ESD; H-ESD also yielded a faster dissection speed (241.37 ± 156.84 vs. 68.56 ± 28.53 mm2/min; P = 0.042) and caused fewer intraprocedural bleeding events (0.40 ± 0.55 vs. 3.40 ± 1.95 times/per lesion; P = 0.016) than C-ESD. The thicknesses of the submucosal layer of the resected specimen (1190.98 ± 134.07 vs. 1055.90 ± 151.76 µm; P = 0.174) and the residual submucosal layer of the stomach defect (1607.94 ± 1026.74 vs. 985.98 ± 445.58 µm; P = 0.249) were similar with both procedures. The AIO snare is a safe and effective device for H-ESD and improves the treatment outcomes of gastric lesions by shortening the procedure time.

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Redox changes of pyridine nucleotides in cellular compartments are highly dynamic and their equilibria are under the influence of various reducing and oxidizing reactions. To obtain spatiotemporal data on pyridine nucleotides in living plant cells, typical biochemical approaches require cell destruction. To date, genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are considered to be the best option to bridge the existing technology gap, as they provide a fast, accurate, and real-time readout. However, the existing pyridine nucleotides genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are either sensitive to pH change or slow in dissociation rate. Herein, we employed the biosensors which generate readouts that are pH stable for in planta measurement of NADH/NAD+ ratio and NADPH level. We generated transgenic Arabidopsis lines that express these biosensors in plastid stroma and cytosol of whole plants and pollen tubes under the control of CaMV 35S and LAT52 promoters, respectively. These transgenic biosensor lines allow us to monitor real-time dynamic changes in NADH/NAD+ ratio and NADPH level in the plastids and cytosol of various plant tissues, including pollen tubes, root hairs, and mesophyll cells, using a variety of fluorescent instruments. We anticipate that these valuable transgenic lines may allow improvements in plant redox biology studies.

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Numerical simulations of a 600 t/day waste incinerator was carried out using the fluid dynamic incinerator code and Fluent to evaluate the effect of biomass blending on furnace temperature, pollutant generation, and selective noncatalytic-reduction (SNCR) denitrification when treating low calorific-value waste. The results show that as the biomass blending ratio increases, the water content gradually decreases, the calorific value increases, and the maximum temperature of the incinerator gradually increases from 1227 to 1408 K, while the content of exported NOx increases from 579 to 793 mg/Nm3; during the combustion of low-quality waste, the residence time of the flue gas in the high-temperature region (above 1123 K) is 1.62 s. When the biomass blending ratio exceeds 20%, the residence time of the flue gas in the high-temperature region is more than 2 s, which can effectively curb the generation of dioxin. When the biomass blending ratio is 20%, and the normalized stoichiometric ratio (2nurea/nNO) of urea injected into the SNCR is 1.1, the NOx concentration at the outlet is 230.08 mg/Nm3, which satisfies the NOx emission standard of less than 250 mg/Nm3.

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Geopolymers show great potential in complex wastewater treatment to improve water quality. In this work, general geopolymers, porous geopolymers and geopolymer microspheres were prepared by the suspension curing method using three solid waste products, coal gangue, fly ash and blast furnace slag. The microstructure, morphology and surface functional groups of the geopolymers were studied by SEM, XRD, XRF, MIP, FTIR and XPS. It was found that the geopolymers possess good adsorption capacities for both organic and inorganic pollutants. With methylene blue and potassium dichromate as the representative pollutants, in order to obtain the best removal rate, the effects of the adsorbent type, dosage of adsorbent, concentration of methylene blue and potassium dichromate and pH on the adsorption process were studied in detail. The results showed that the adsorption efficiency of the geopolymers for methylene blue and potassium dichromate was in the order of general geopolymers < porous geopolymers < geopolymer microspheres, and the removal rates were up to 94.56% and 79.46%, respectively. Additionally, the competitive adsorption of methylene blue and potassium dichromate in a binary system was also studied. The mechanism study showed that the adsorption of methylene blue was mainly through pore diffusion, hydrogen bond formation and electrostatic adsorption, and the adsorption of potassium dichromate was mainly through pore diffusion and redox reaction. These findings demonstrate the potential of geopolymer microspheres in adsorbing organic and inorganic pollutants, and, through five cycles of experiments, it is demonstrated that MGP exhibits excellent recyclability.

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To accurately predict the life-cycle carbon reduction benefits of replacing a diesel heavy-duty truck with an electric one, taking a single heavy-duty truck as the object, the variation trend in electric and diesel carbon emission factors from 2023 to 2050 were predicted; coupled with the life spans and life-cycle mileage of the two types of heavy-duty trucks, a dynamic carbon emission model for the heavy-duty trucks was constructed in stages. The carbon footprints of the trucks under the "Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE)", "Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)", and "Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)" were analyzed. In addition, the carbon reduction and carbon reduction rate were calculated. The results showed that battery manufacturing and battery recycling were the main factors to impair the improvement of carbon reduction in the production and recycling stages of electric heavy-duty trucks, respectively. For every 1 g·(kW·h)-1 reduction in the electricity carbon emission factor (CO2), an electric heavy-duty truck could reduce 1.74 t of carbon emissions over its life cycle. Under the three scenarios, the carbon emissions during the operation stage of both types of heavy trucks accounted for more than 90% of the total life-cycle carbon emissions. Carbon reduction benefits from the highest to the lowest were NZE, APS, and STEPS, and their corresponding life-cycle carbon emission reductions were 1054.68, 1021.78, and 1007.97 t, with carbon reduction rates of 54.38%, 52.68%, and 51.97%, respectively.

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This study aims to investigate applicable robust biomarkers that can improve prognostic predictions for colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) patients receiving simultaneous resection. A total of 1323 CRLM patients from multiple centres were included. The preoperative aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) level from blood of patients were obtained. Patients were stratified into a high APRI group and a low APRI group, and comparisons were conducted by analyzing progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and postoperative early recurrence. Tumour samples of CRLM were collected to perform single-cell RNA sequencing and multiplex immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence (mIHC/IF) to investigate the association of APRI levels and the tumour microenvironment of CRLM. Compared with APRI <0.33, PFS disadvantage (IPTW-adjusted HR = 1.240, P = 0.015) and OS disadvantage (IPTW- adjusted HR = 1.507, P = 0.002) of APRI ≥0.33 were preserved in the IPTW-adjusted Cox hazards regression analyses. An APRI ≥0.25 was associated with a significantly increased risk of postoperative early recurrence after adjustment (IPTW-adjusted OR = 1.486, P = 0.001). The external validation showed consistent results with the training cohort. In the high APRI group, the single-cell RNA sequencing results revealed a heightened malignancy of epithelial cells, the enrichment of inflammatory-like cancer-associated fibroblasts and SPP1+ macrophages associated with activation of malignant cells and fibrotic microenvironment, and a more suppressed-function T cells; mIHC/IF showed that PD1+ CD4+ T cells, FOXP3+ CD4+ T cells, PD1+ CD8+ T cells, FOXP3+ CD8+ T cells, SPP1+ macrophages and iCAFs were significantly increased in the intratumoral region and peritumoral region. This study contributed valuable evidence regarding preoperative APRI for predicting prognoses among CRLM patients receiving simultaneous resection and provided underlying clues supporting the association between APRI and clinical outcomes by single-cell sequencing bioinformatics analysis and mIHC/IF.

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In plants, thousands of nucleus-encoded proteins translated in the cytosol are sorted to chloroplasts and mitochondria by binding to specific receptors of the TOC (translocon on the outer chloroplast membrane) and the TOM (translocon on the outer mitochondrial membrane) complexes for import into those organelles. The degradation pathways for these receptors are unclear. Here, we discovered a converged ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for the degradation of Arabidopsis thaliana TOC and TOM tail-anchored receptors. The receptors are ubiquitinated by E3 ligase(s) and pulled from the outer membranes by the AAA+ adenosine triphosphatase CDC48, after which a previously uncharacterized cytosolic protein, transmembrane domain (TMD)-binding protein for tail-anchored outer membrane proteins (TTOP), binds to the exposed TMDs at the C termini of the receptors and CDC48, and delivers these complexes to the 26S proteasome.

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Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a valuable technique for identifying pathogens. However, conventional mNGS requires the separate processing of DNA and RNA genomes, which can be resource- and time-intensive. To mitigate these impediments, we propose a novel method called DNA/RNA cosequencing that aims to enhance the efficiency of pathogen detection. DNA/RNA cosequencing uses reverse transcription of total nucleic acids extracted from samples by using random primers, without removing DNA, and then employs mNGS. We applied this method to 85 cases of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI). Influenza virus was identified in 13 cases (H1N1: seven cases, H3N2: three cases, unclassified influenza type: three cases) and was not detected in the remaining 72 samples. Bacteria were present in all samples. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii were detected in four influenza-positive samples, suggesting coinfections. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting influenza A virus were 73.33% and 95.92%, respectively. A κ value of 0.726 indicated a high level of concordance between the results of DNA/RNA cosequencing and SARI influenza virus monitoring. DNA/RNA cosequencing enhanced the efficiency of pathogen detection, providing a novel capability to strengthen surveillance and thereby prevent and control infectious disease outbreaks.

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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Early whitish gastric neoplasms can be easily misdiagnosed; differential diagnosis of gastric whitish lesions remains a challenge. We aim to build a deep learning (DL) model to diagnose whitish gastric neoplasms and explore the effect of adding domain knowledge in model construction. METHODS: We collected 4558 images from two institutions to train and test models. We first developed two sole DL models (1 and 2) using supervised and semi-supervised algorithms. Then we selected diagnosis-related features through literature research and developed feature-extraction models to determine features including boundary, surface, roundness, depression, and location. Then predictions of the five feature-extraction models and sole DL model were combined and inputted into seven machine-learning (ML) based fitting-diagnosis models. The optimal model was selected as ENDOANGEL-WD (whitish-diagnosis) and compared with endoscopists. RESULTS: Sole DL 2 had higher sensitivity (83.12% vs 68.67%, Bonferroni adjusted P = 0.024) than sole DL 1. Adding domain knowledge, the decision tree performed best among the seven ML models, achieving higher specificity than DL 1 (84.38% vs 72.27%, Bonferroni adjusted P < 0.05) and higher accuracy than DL 2 (80.47%, Bonferroni adjusted P < 0.001) and was selected as ENDOANGEL-WD. ENDOANGEL-WD showed better accuracy compared with 10 endoscopists (75.70%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We developed a novel system ENDOANGEL-WD combining domain knowledge and traditional DL to detect gastric whitish neoplasms. Adding domain knowledge improved the performance of traditional DL, which provided a novel solution for establishing diagnostic models for other rare diseases potentially.

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In halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs), moderate lead iodide (PbI2) can enhance device efficiency by providing some passivation effects, but extremely active PbI2 leads to the current density-voltage hysteresis effect and device instability. In addition, defects distributed on the buried interface of tin oxide (SnO2)/perovskite will lead to the photogenerated carrier recombination. Here, rubidium chloride (RbCl) is introduced at the buried SnO2/perovskite interface, which not only acts as an interfacial passivator to interact with the uncoordinated tin ions (Sn4+) and fill the oxygen vacancy on the SnO2 surface but also converts PbI2 into an inactive (PbI2)2RbCl compound to stabilize the perovskite phase via a bottom-up evolution effect. These synergistic effects deliver a champion PCE of 22.13% with suppressed hysteresis for the W RbCl PSCs, in combination with enhanced environmental and thermal stability. This work demonstrates that the interfacial defect passivation and bottom-up excess PbI2 management using RbCl modifiers are promising strategies to address the outstanding challenges associated with PSCs.