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Increasing studies have shown the importance of intraspecific trait variation (ITV) on ecological processes. However, the patterns and sources of ITV are still unclear, especially in the propagules of coastal vegetation. Here, we measured six hypocotyl traits for 66 genealogies of Kandelia obovata from 26 sites and analyzed how ITV in these traits was distributed across geography and genealogy through variance partitioning. We further constructed mixed models and structural equation models to disentangle the effects of climatic, oceanic, and maternal factors on ITV. Results showed that size-related traits decreased along increasing latitudinal gradients, which was mainly driven by positive regulation of temperature on these traits. By contrast, ITV of shape trait was unstructured along latitudinal gradients and did not show any dependence among environmental variables. These findings indicate that propagule size mainly varied between populations, whereas propagule shape mainly varied between individuals. Our study may provide useful insights into the ITV in propagule from different functional dimensions and on a broad scale, which may facilitate mangrove protection in light of ITV.

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BACKGROUND: Although increasing evidence has revealed the efficacy of acupuncture in obesity/overweight, actual improvement in metabolism in children and adolescents is unclear. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate this correlation. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted using multiple databases, including Medline, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, and Wan-fang Data, to identify relevant randomized controlled trials published before February 1, 2023. General information and data for the descriptive and quantitative analyses were extracted. RESULTS: Fifteen randomized controlled trials of 1288 obese/overweight children and teenagers were included. All the trials were conducted in China and South Korea. Regarding quality assessment, no other significant risk of bias was found. The acupuncture groups were more likely to have improved metabolic indicators of obesity/overweight than the control groups, in terms of body mass index (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.69 to -0.21, I2 = 71.4%), body weight (SMD = -0.48, 95% CI: -0.92 to -0.05, I2 = 84.9%), and serum leptin (SMD = -0.34, 95% CI: -0.58 to -0.10, I2 = 91.8%). The subgroup analysis showed that for body mass index, the results were consistent regardless of the intervention duration, body acupuncture or auricular acupuncture combined with other interventions. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that acupuncture is effective in improving metabolic outcomes of obese/overweight children and adolescents. Owing to the limited number of trials included in this study, the results should be interpreted with caution.

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The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) gene family, one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, acts as positive or negative regulators in plant response and adaption to various environmental stresses, including cold stress. Multiple reports on the functional characterization of NAC genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and other plants are available. However, the function of the NAC genes in the typical woody mangrove (Kandelia obovata) remains poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive analysis of NAC genes in K. obovata was performed with a pluri-disciplinary approach including bioinformatic and molecular analyses. We retrieved a contracted NAC family with 68 genes from the K. obovata genome, which were unevenly distributed in the chromosomes and classified into ten classes. These KoNAC genes were differentially and preferentially expressed in different organs, among which, twelve up-regulated and one down-regulated KoNAC genes were identified. Several stress-related cis-regulatory elements, such as LTR (low-temperature response), STRE (stress response element), ABRE (abscisic acid response element), and WUN (wound-responsive element), were identified in the promoter regions of these 13 KoNAC genes. The expression patterns of five selected KoNAC genes (KoNAC6, KoNAC15, KoNAC20, KoNAC38, and KoNAC51) were confirmed by qRT-PCR under cold treatment. These results strongly implied the putative important roles of KoNAC genes in response to chilling and other stresses. Collectively, our findings provide valuable information for further investigations on the function of KoNAC genes.

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Many insects metamorphose from antagonistic larvae into mutualistic adult pollinators, with reciprocal adaptation leading to specialized insect-plant associations. It remains unknown how such interactions are established at molecular level. Here we assemble high-quality genomes of a fig species, Ficus pumila var. pumila, and its specific pollinating wasp, Wiebesia pumilae. We combine multi-omics with validation experiments to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying this specialized interaction. In the plant, we identify the specific compound attracting pollinators and validate the function of several key genes regulating its biosynthesis. In the pollinator, we find a highly reduced number of odorant-binding protein genes and an odorant-binding protein mainly binding the attractant. During antagonistic interaction, we find similar chemical profiles and turnovers throughout the development of galled ovules and seeds, and a significant contraction of detoxification-related gene families in the pollinator. Our study identifies some key genes bridging coevolved mutualists, establishing expectations for more diffuse insect-pollinator systems.

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To explore the reason causing low yield, poor quality of Inula helenium I., this paper investigated the influence of different remained stem heights on the yield, quality and water consumption of Inula helenium I. in Gannan plateau area using field single factor randomized block method. Research results showed that Inula helenium I. which was cut before blooming period in the last ten-day of July with remained stem height of 25 cm had the lowest water consumption, the best underground root traits (including main root length, root diameter, and root dry weight per plant), and the highest yield which was higher that control group by 18.73% (P < .01) Moreover, Inula helenium I. with remained stem height of 25 cm had the lowest ash content while the highest alantolactone content, therefore its quality was the best. The water use efficiency (WUE) of Inula helenium I. with remained stem height of 35 cm at September was the highest (1.12 kg⋅h⋅m-2⋅mm-1). However, in terms of biological yield WUE and economic yield WUE, Inula helenium I. with remained stem height of 15 cm was the highest. Therefore, it can be concluded that remained stem height from 15 to 25 cm is an ideal solution, which can not only save water, but also improve yield and quality of Inula helenium I.

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To study the effects of different cultivation material formulas on the growth and quality of Morchella spp. With the cultivated species strains extracted from wild Morchella spp. in Diebu County, Gannan Prefecture as experimental materials, an experiment was designed and the data then obtained was anyalyzed using the single factor variable method. By measuring the pileus length, pileus perimeter, stipe length, stipe perimeter and yield as well as the ash content, total sugar content, crude protein content and crude fiber content of wild Morchella spp., the effects of four different cultivation material formulas on the growth and quality of Morchella spp. were studied. The result showed that the Morchella spp. cultivated using Formula 1, i.e., the formula to which Morchella spp. footing soil was added, grew best, and had the highest yield and the best quality; and the qualities of Morchella spps cultivated using other formulas decreased in a row. Formula 1 to which Morchella spp. footing soil was added had the optimal effect on promoting the growth and quality of Morchella spp.

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To discuss the cold resistance performance of different Herba Rhodiolae and successfully transplant Herba Rhodiolae to the Gansu plateau area for nursing, domestication and planting, this paper systematically studies six physiological and biochemical features of Rhodiola kirilowii, Rhodiola algida, Rhodiola crenulata and Herba Rhodiolae that are closely associated with cold resistance features and concludes with the cold resistance capability of Rhodiola kirilowii. In the selected six main indexes of the Herba Rhodiolae, the POD, SOD and CAT activity and MDA and Pro content in the leaf are the main physiological and biochemical indexes to indicate the cold resistance performance of four Herba Rhodiolae seedlings and can be regarded as the preliminary indexes to assess the winter performance of Herba Rhodiolae. The research work will provide the theoretical basis for the wild variants of Herba Rhodiolae and GAPJ base construction.

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OBJECTIVES: To assess the retention of o-cymen-5-ol and zinc on reconstructed human gingival tissue delivered by topical applications of toothpaste formulated with 0.1%w/w o-cymen-5-ol and 0.6%w/w zinc chloride (ZnCl2). METHODS: EpiGingival tissues were treated topically for 2 minutes with either solutions or toothpaste slurries containing o-cymen-5-ol and ZnCl2. Tissues were rinsed with water between application and the effects of repeat dosing for up to 6 occasions were investigated. Tissues were blot dried, extracted and o-cymen-5-ol and zinc were measured by HPLC and atomic absorption spectroscopy, respectively. RESULTS: Retention of o-cymen-5-ol and zinc delivered from solutions to EpiGingival tissues showed a dose response to the concentration and to the number of applications. Significantly higher concentrations of zinc were delivered to EpiGingival tissues by toothpaste compared to equivalent doses delivered from solution. Equivalent doses of o-cymen-5-ol were delivered from toothpaste and solution. No cytotoxic effects on the EpiGingival tissues, measured by MTT viability, were detected following application of test toothpaste compared to a water control. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstructed human gingival tissue proved to be an effective model for the assessment of active retention from topically applied formulations. The test toothpaste was effective in delivering o-cymen-5-ol and zinc to oral soft tissue in vitro.

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Acute viral infection of neurons presents a difficult problem to the host, since neurons are essential and not replaced, therefore cell-autonomous pathway(s) of suppressing viral replication are critical. We have examined the mechanisms by which neurons respond to exogenous interferons (IFNs) and observed that novel pathways inhibit acute vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replication. For both type I (IFN-beta) and Type II (IFN-gamma) interferons, post-translational modification of viral proteins contributed to the replication blockade, diminishing the efficiency of viral assembly and budding from the host neuron. IFN-gamma treatment induces the accumulation of NOS-1 in the absence of an increase of mRNA encoding this enzyme; a NOS-1-inhibiting protein, PIN, is rapidly ubiquitinated and eliminated in the presence of IFN-gamma. NOS-1 produces NO which combines with superoxide to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-), this binds tyrosines, cysteines, and serines; antagonism of NOS-1 with either non-specific or selective inhibitors block the antiviral effect of IFN-gamma. VSV proteins are decorated with -NO(2) in IFN-gamma-treated neurons, probably resulting in their diminished ability to interact properly and mature into budding virus. For IFN-beta, protein phosphorylation of the Matrix protein (M) and Phosphoprotein (P) were altered in infected neurons, with hyperphosphorylation of M (but not hypophosphorylated P) found in released virions. Hyperphosphorylated M protein does not immunoprecipitate with the viral ribonucleoprotein complex in IFN-beta-treated neurons. Thus both types of IFN interfere with viral assembly and release of infectious particles, but by distinct pathways.

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In this study we investigate the role of the protein inhibitor of NOS-1 (PIN) in the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-mediated posttranscriptional accumulation of nitric oxide synthase-1 (NOS-1) and the anti-vesicular stomatitis virus response in neuronal cells. IFN-gamma-induced enhancement of NOS-1 activity is crucial for its antiviral activity in the central nervous system. IFN-gamma treatment of neuronal cells results in an increase of total NOS-1 and decrease of total PIN proteins without alteration in their respective mRNA levels. PIN/NOS-1 complexes decreased after IFN-gamma treatment. Transfection of cells with small interfering RNA (siRNA) for PIN results in a higher constitutive activity of NOS-1 and inhibition of viral replication. IFN-gamma treatment did not change the amount of NOS-1 detectable by Western blot, when PIN is diminished by RNAi treatment. Overexpression of PIN results in lower constitutive NOS-1 expression and activity, and diminishes activation of NOS-1 by IFN-gamma. Our findings indicate that in neurons, IFN-gamma upregulates NOS-1 through proteasomal degradation of PIN.

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Pharmacologic inhibition of the proteasome resulted in increased NOS-1 protein levels and increased NO production by neuronal cells. This correlated with an increased antiviral effect of IFN-gamma against the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replication in vitro. We also observed that a regulatory protein, Protein Inhibitor of NOS-1 (PIN) was down-regulated by IFN-gamma treatment, and more ubiquitinated PIN accumulated in IFN-gamma treated neurons. In cells of the reticuloendothelial system, IFN-gamma treatment induces the expression of a set of low molecular weight MHC-encoded proteins (LMPs), which replace the beta-subunit of the proteasome complex during the proteasome neosynthesis, resulting in a complex termed the immunoproteasome. LMP2, -7, and -10 were induced and the immunoproteasome was generated by IFN-gamma treatment in neuronal cells. Importantly, we observed that IFN-gamma induced inhibition of VSV protein synthesis was not dependent on ubiquitination.

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