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In this paper, three neutral heterocycle-triazolotriazine compounds featuring multiple amino groups and nitro groups were designed and synthesized. Among them, compounds 2 and 6 exhibit high detonation performance (Dv = 8180 m s-1, 8650 m s-1; P = 26.40 GPa, 31.5 GPa), low sensitivities (IS > 40 J, FS > 360 N) and high thermal stabilities (Td = 319 °C, 320 °C) suggesting their potential as alternatives to the traditional thermal-stable explosive HNS (Dv = 7612 m s-1, P = 24.3 GPa, IS = 5 J, FS = 240 N; Td = 318 °C). Meanwhile, compound 4 displays excellent properties (Dv = 8810 m s-1, IS = 15 J, FS = 240 N, Td = 215 °C, ρ = 1.84 g cm-3) which is superior to traditional explosive RDX (Dv = 8795 m s-1, IS = 7.5 J, FS = 120 N, Td = 208 °C, ρ = 1.80 g cm-3) making it a promising candidate as a novel secondary explosive. This research not only advances the field of triazolotriazine-based energetic materials but also explores their potential applications as heat-resistant or high-energy explosives.

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Nitrogen-rich energetic materials have been the focus of a few studies on their isomers. Novel nitrogen-rich energetic compounds TZ, DTZ, and NTZ were synthesized through simple steps. The hydrogen bond networks significantly enhanced their properties (TZ, Td = 290 °C and Dv = 8370 m s-1; DTZ, Td = 282 °C and Dv = 8392 m s-1; and NTZ, Td = 272 °C and Dv = 8762 m s-1), which are superior to their isomers. This realized a balance between the energy and stability of polycyclic tetrazoles, providing insights for high-performance energetic materials.

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Previous studies have reported correlations between metabolic factors and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC). However, the causal relationship between blood metabolites and AAC remains to be fully explored. We employed bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the potential causal relationships between 486 blood metabolites and AAC. The inverse variance weighted method was primarily utilized for MR analysis, and the MR-Egger, weighted median, and Robust Adjusted Profile Score methods were used for supplementary analysis. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using Radial MR, MR-PRESSO, Cochran Q test, MR-Egger intercept, and leave-one-out analysis to evaluate the heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Furthermore, the Steiger test and linkage disequilibrium score regression were used to assess genetic correlation and directionality. Multivariable MR analysis was performed to evaluate the direct effect of metabolites on AAC. Through rigorous screening, we identified 6 metabolites with presumed causal effects on AAC: 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate (effect size [ES] 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10-0.82), erythrose (ES -0.35, 95% CI: -0.59 to -0.11), 10-undecenoate (11:1n1) (ES 0.14, 95% CI: 0.03-0.25), 1-myristoylglycerophosphocholine (ES 0.31, 95% CI: 0.11-0.50), glycerol 2-phosphate (ES 0.20, 95% CI: 0.04-0.37), and the unidentified metabolite X-11469 (ES 0.19, 95% CI: 0.08-0.30). Multivariable MR analysis revealed that genetically predicted erythrose, 10-undecenoate, 1-myristoylglycerophosphocholine, and X-11469 could directly affect AAC independent of other metabolites. Reverse MR analysis revealed an alteration in 12 blood metabolites due to AAC, including caffeine, 1,7-dimethylurate, arachidonic acid, and 1-arachidonoylglycerophosphocholine. This study provides evidence supporting a causal relationship between metabolites and AAC. These findings help elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms of AAC and may offer insights into screening, prevention, and treatment approaches.

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Nowadays, thousands of energetic materials have been synthesized, but only a few compounds meet all the high standards of detonation performance comparable to that of the widely used military explosive RDX, thermal stability comparable to that of the most widely used heat-resistant explosive HNS, and impact sensitivity comparable to that of the traditional explosive TNT. Also, as a goal, a novel and unexpected one-step method for constructing the furoxan-bridged energetic compound 3,4-bis(3,8-dinitropyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-4-amino-7-yl)-1,2,5-oxadiazole 2-oxide (OTF) has been achieved under the conventional TFA/100% HNO3 nitration reaction system from the acetic acid intermediate. In this work, OTF with a high density of 1.90 g cm-3, the highest decomposition temperature of 310 °C (onset) among furoxan-based high explosives to date, superior detonation velocity (DV: 9109 m s-1), and low sensitivity (IS: 25 J) is reported. This work is a giant step forward in the development of advanced high-energy heat-resistant explosives and could improve future possibilities for the design of furoxan-based energetic materials.

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Vaccines are one of the most practical means to stop the spreading of Aeromonas veronii in aquaculture. In this study, virulence factor aerolysin mutant NTaer which has lost its hemolytic activity was used as a target antigen. Pichia pastoris constitutive secretory expression NTaer (GS115-NTaer) was used as a potential safe oral vaccine to evaluate its effectiveness on zebrafish immunity. The result shows that vaccination of GS115- NTaer for four weeks did not affect the growth performance of the host, while eliciting an effective immune protective response. Compared with the control group, the GS115-NTaer could significantly up-regulate the relative expression level of the intestinal tight junction protein 1α (TJP1α) gene, and significantly increased the contents of lysozyme (LYZ), complement C3 and C4 in the gut, indicating that the innate immune response of the fish was activated. The relative gene expression levels of macrophage-expressed gene 1 (MPEG1) and T cell receptor (TCR-α) in the gut, and MPEG1, CD4, CD8, TCR-α, GATA3, and T-bet in the spleen were all increased significantly, indicating that the cellular immune response of the fish was activated. Furthermore, the contents of serum IgM and intestinal mucosa IgZ antibodies were significantly increased, which showed that humoral immunity was also activated. Moreover, inoculation with GS115-NTaer significantly changed the structure of gut microbiota. In particular, the relative ratio of (Firmicutes + Fusobacteriota + Bacteroidota)/Proteobacteria was significantly higher than that of the control and GS115 groups. Lastly, the vaccinated fish were challenged with A. veronii, and the relative percent survival of GS115 and the GS115-NTear groups was 14.28% and 33.43%. This improvement of immunity was not only due to the specific immune response but also attributed to the improvement of innate immunity and the gut microbiota which was demonstrated by the germ-free zebrafish model. Collectively, this study provides information on the effectiveness of GS115-NTear as an oral vaccine for the green prevention and control of A. veronii infection in fish aquaculture.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the (1) successful surgery proportion in patients with clear structural lesions on MRI and single abnormality on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/Magnetic resonance imaging (18F-FDG PET/MRI); (2) predictive value of 18F-FDG PET/MRI for postsurgical outcome in refractory epilepsy patients. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 123 patients diagnosed with refractory epilepsy who underwent presurgical evaluation involving 18F-FDG PET/MRI and were followed for one-year post-surgery. Two neuroradiologists interpreted the PET/MRI images using visual analysis and an asymmetry index based on the standard uptake value. The Engel classification was used to assess surgical outcomes one-year post-surgery. Prognostic factors predicting post-surgical seizure outcomes were explored using univariate and binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Definitely single lesion abnormality was observed in 35.0% (43/123) of the patients on the MRI portion of PET/MRI. The proportion increased to 74.0% (91/123) when 18 F-FDG PET portion was added. About 75% (69/91) of patients displaying a clear-cut lesion on 18 F-FDG PET/MRI were classified as Engel Class I one-year post-surgery. The proportion of Engel Class I patients was not significantly different when comparing MRI-single lesion patients with MRI-negative, PET-single lesion patients one year after surgery (81.4% vs. 70.0%, P = 0.24). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the detection of a clear single lesion on 18 F-FDG PET/MRI was a strong positive predictor of a favorable surgical outcome (OR 3.518, 95% CI 1.363-9.077, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Single lesion detected on 18 F-FDG PET/MRI is useful to predict good surgical outcome for refractory epilepsy patients; Those patients should be considered as candidates for surgery.

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This review explores the intricate roles of metal ions-iron, copper, zinc, and selenium-in glioma pathogenesis and immune evasion. Dysregulated metal ion metabolism significantly contributes to glioma progression by inducing oxidative stress, promoting angiogenesis, and modulating immune cell functions. Iron accumulation enhances oxidative DNA damage, copper activates hypoxia-inducible factors to stimulate angiogenesis, zinc influences cell proliferation and apoptosis, and selenium modulates the tumor microenvironment through its antioxidant properties. These metal ions also facilitate immune escape by upregulating immune checkpoints and secreting immunosuppressive cytokines. Targeting metal ion pathways with therapeutic strategies such as chelating agents and metalloproteinase inhibitors, particularly in combination with conventional treatments like chemotherapy and immunotherapy, shows promise in improving treatment efficacy and overcoming resistance. Future research should leverage advanced bioinformatics and integrative methodologies to deepen the understanding of metal ion-immune interactions, ultimately identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to enhance glioma management and patient outcomes.

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Copper oxalate is typically synthesized through a precipitation reaction involving copper salts mixed with oxalic acid or oxalate solutions. However, in this study, we were successful in synthesizing well-formed square-like copper oxalate particles under liquid-phase conditions at ambient temperature and pressure using ascorbic acid as the source of the oxalic acid ligand. The addition of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) caused the morphology of copper oxalate particles to undergo a transition from three-dimensional to two-dimensional. And the inhibition of the assembly of primary copper oxalate nanocrystals along the [001] direction became stronger with the increase of CTAB concentration. The impact of CTAB on the crystallization, growth, and self-assembly processes of primary copper oxalate nanocrystals was analysed using various testing methods. Based on these analyses, the possible mechanism of CTAB-induced synthesis of two-dimensional copper oxalate particles was finally proposed.

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Corn ear rot and fumonisin caused by Fusarium verticillioides pose a serious threat to food security. To find more highly active fungicidal and antitoxic candidates with structure diversity based on naturally occurring lead xanthatin, a series of novel spiropiperidinyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones were rationally designed and synthesized. The in vitro bioassay results indicated that compound 7c showed broad-spectrum in vitro activity with EC50 values falling from 3.51 to 24.10 µg/mL against Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria solani, which was more active than the positive controls xanthatin and oxathiapiprolin. In addition, compound 7c also showed good antitoxic efficacy against fumonisin with a 48% inhibition rate even at a concentration of 20 µg/mL. Fluorescence quenching and the molecular docking validated both 7c and oxathiapiprolin targeting at FvoshC. RNA sequencing analysis discovered that FUM gene cluster and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum were downregulated. Our studies have discovered spiropiperidinyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone as a novel FvoshC target-based scaffold for fungicide lead with antitoxin activity.

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In recent years, with the development of deep coal mines and petroleum resources and the expansion of the aerospace industry, the pursuit of heat-resistant energetic materials with high thermal stability and high energy has been increasing. Bis(4-nitropyrazole) was employed as an energy bridge to link 1,2,4-triazole, thereby constructing a sophisticated tetracyclic framework in this study. A tetracyclic heat-resistant explosive 5,5'-(4,4'-dinitro-2H,2'H-[3,3'-bipyrazole]-5,5'-diyl)bis(4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,4-diamine) (3) and its derivatives 6-8 with excellent comprehensive performance have been successfully prepared. Particularly noteworthy is that compound 3 has a detonation velocity of 8604 m s-1, which exceeds that of the conventional heat-resistant explosive HNS with a velocity of 7164 m s-1. Furthermore, compound 3 has higher thermal stability (Td = 340 °C) than HNS (Td = 318 °C). In addition, the tetracyclic compound 3 also exhibited extraordinarily low sensitivity (IS > 40 J; FS > 360 N). These unique characteristics make it a potential candidate for novel heat-resistant and insensitive energetic materials.

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BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the effect of various background reference regions on spinal 18F-FET PET imaging, with a focus on distinguishing between spinal tumors and myelitis. To enhance diagnostic accuracy, we investigated the pons and several other spinal cord area as potential references, given the challenges in interpreting spinal PET results. RESULTS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 30 patients, 15 with cervical myelitis and 15 with cervical tumors, who underwent O-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) PET/MR imaging. The stability of uptake across four regions, including the pons, C2, C2-C7, and T1-T3, was compared. The standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) was then evaluated using various background regions, and their effectiveness in differentiating between spinal tumors and myelitis was compared. Additionally, we correlated the SUVR values derived from these regions with the Ki-67 proliferation index in tumor patients. The study found no significant difference in SUVmax (U = 110, p = 0.93) and SUVmean (U = 89, p = 0.35) values at lesion sites between myelitis and tumor patients. The pons had the highest average uptake (p < 0.001) compared to the other three regions. However, its coefficient of variation (CV) was significantly lower than that of the C2-C7 (p < 0.0001) and T1-T3 segments (p < 0.05). The SUVRmax values, calculated using the regions of pons, C2-C7 and T1-T3, were found to significantly differentiate between tumors and myelitis (p < 0.05). However, only the pons-based SUVRmean was able to significantly distinguish between the two groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, the pons-based SUVRmax (r = 0.63, p = 0.013) and SUVRmean (r = 0.67, p = 0.007) demonstrated a significant positive correlation with the Ki-67 index. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the pons may be considered a suitable reference region for spinal 18F-FET PET imaging, which can improve the differentiation between spinal tumors and myelitis. The significant correlation between pons-based SUVR values and the Ki-67 index further highlights the potential of this approach in assessing tumor cell proliferation.

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The current study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility to regional brain atrophy and its biological mechanism in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We conducted data-driven meta-analyses to combine 3,118 structural magnetic resonance images from three datasets to obtain robust atrophy patterns. Then we introduced a set of radiogenomic analyses to investigate the biological basis of the atrophy patterns in AD. Our results showed that the hippocampus and amygdala exhibit the most severe atrophy, followed by the temporal, frontal, and occipital lobes in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. The extent of atrophy in MCI was less severe than that in AD. A series of biological processes related to the glutamate signaling pathway, cellular stress response, and synapse structure and function were investigated through gene set enrichment analysis. Our study contributes to understanding the manifestations of atrophy and a deeper understanding of the pathophysiological processes that contribute to atrophy, providing new insight for further clinical research on AD.

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BACKGROUND: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been increasingly recognized for its capability to study microstructural changes in the neuropathology of brain diseases. However, the optimal DTI metric and its diagnostic utility for a variety of spinal cord diseases are still under investigation. PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of DTI metrics for differentiating between cervical spondylosis, myelitis, and spinal tumors. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed DTI scans from 68 patients (22 with cervical spondylosis, 23 with myelitis, and 23 with spinal tumors). DTI indicators, including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD), were calculated. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare these indicators, followed by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of each indicator across disease pairs. Additionally, we explored the correlations of DTI indicators with specific clinical measurements. RESULTS: FA values were significantly lower in tumor patients compared to those with cervical spondylosis (p < 0.0001) and myelitis (p < 0.05). Additionally, tumor patients exhibited significantly elevated MD and RD values relative to the spondylosis and myelitis groups. ROC curve analysis underscored FA's superior discriminative performance, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.902 for differentiating tumors from cervical spondylosis, and an AUC of 0.748 for distinguishing cervical myelitis from spondylosis. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was observed between FA values and Expanded Disability Status Scores (EDSSs) in myelitis patients (r = -0.62, p = 0.002), as well as between FA values and Ki-67 scores in tumor patients (r = -0.71, p = 0.0002). CONCLUSION: DTI indicators, especially FA, have the potential in distinguishing spondylosis, myelitis, and spinal cord tumors. The significant correlation between FA values and clinical indicators highlights the value of FA in the clinical assessment and prognosis of spinal diseases and may be applied in diagnostic protocols in the future.

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CD36 is a scavenger receptor that has been reported to function as a signaling receptor that responds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and could integrate metabolic pathways and cell signaling through its dual functions. Thereby influencing activation to regulate the immune response and immune cell differentiation. Recent studies have revealed that CD36 plays critical roles in the process of lipid metabolism, inflammatory response and immune process caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This review will comprehensively investigate CD36's functions in lipid uptake and processing, inflammatory response, immune response and therapeutic targets and biomarkers in the infection process of M. tuberculosis. The study also raised outstanding issues in this field to designate future directions.

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The blast furnaces of Anshan Iron and Steel have completed large-scale modernization, and a large amount of information technology has been popularized and applied to the process of blast furnaces. This paper takes the Anshan Iron and Steel blast furnace group as the research background. Based on big data and industrial Internet technology, combining the smelting process mechanism of blast furnace production and using artificial intelligence, cloud analysis, and other technologies, the data management platform was used to effectively integrate the data of each process of the blast furnace and design the data asset catalogue. The big data application platform for the intensive control of the blast furnace was established. The data were in multidimensional in-depth mining, and the intelligent application model of the blast furnace was established. The visual intelligent monitoring of the safe production and operation of the blast furnace was realized, and the production operation of the blast furnace was guided. The overall information and intelligent level of production operation and management of the blast furnace have been improved.

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The glutenite reservoir in an exploration area in eastern China is well-developed and holds significant exploration potential as an important oil and gas alternative layer. However, due to the influence of sedimentary characteristics, the glutenite reservoir exhibits strong lateral heterogeneity, significant vertical thickness variations, and low accuracy in reservoir space characterization, which affects the reasonable and effective deployment of development wells. Seismic data contains the three-dimensional spatial characteristics of geological bodies, but how to design a suitable transfer function to extract the nonlinear relationship between seismic data and reservoirs is crucial. At present, the transfer functions are concentrated in low-dimensional or high-dimensional fixed mathematical models, which cannot accurately describe the nonlinear relationship between seismic data and complex reservoirs, resulting in low spatial description accuracy of complex reservoirs. In this regard, this paper first utilizes a fusion method based on probability kernel to fuse seismic attributes such as wave impedance, effective bandwidth, and composite envelope difference. This provide a more intuitive reflection of the distribution characteristics of glutenite reservoirs. Moreover, a hybrid nonlinear transfer function is established to transform the fused attribute cube into an opaque attribute cube. Finally, the illumination model and ray casting method are used to perform voxel imaging of the glutenite reservoirs, brighten the detailed characteristics of reservoir space, and then form a set of methods for ' brightening reservoirs and darkening non-reservoirs ', which improves the spatial engraving accuracy of glutenite reservoirs.

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Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), the well-characterized human-derived probiotic strain, possesses excellent properties in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, immunoregulation and defense against gastrointestinal pathogens in mammals. Here, we demonstrate that the SpaC pilin of LGG causes intestinal epithelium injury by inducing cell pyroptosis and gut microbial dysbiosis in zebrafish. Dietary SpaC activates Caspase-3-GSDMEa pathways in the intestinal epithelium, promotes intestinal pyroptosis and increases lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-producing gut microbes in zebrafish. The increased LPS subsequently activates Gaspy2-GSDMEb pyroptosis pathway. Further analysis reveals the Caspase-3-GSDMEa pyroptosis is initiated by the species-specific recognition of SpaC by TLR4ba, which accounts for the species-specificity of the SpaC-inducing intestinal pyroptosis in zebrafish. The observed pyroptosis-driven gut injury and microbial dysbiosis by LGG in zebrafish suggest that host-specific beneficial/harmful mechanisms are critical safety issues when applying probiotics derived from other host species and need more attention.

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The main challenge in the development of agrochemicals is the lack of new leads and/or targets. It is critical to discover new molecular targets and their corresponding ligands. YZK-C22, which contains a 1,2,3-thiadiazol-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole skeleton, is a fungicide lead compound with broad-spectrum fungicidal activity. Previous studies suggested that the [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole scaffold exhibited good antifungal activity. Inspired by this, a series of pyrrolo[2,3-d]thiazole derivatives were designed and synthesized through a bioisosteric strategy. Compounds C1, C9, and C20 were found to be more active against Rhizoctonia solani than the positive control YZK-C22. More than half of the target compounds provided favorable activity against Botrytis cinerea, where the EC50 values of compounds C4, C6, C8, C10, and C20 varied from 1.17 to 1.77 µg/mL. Surface plasmon resonance and molecular docking suggested that in vitro potent compounds C9 and C20 have a new mode of action instead of acting as pyruvate kinase inhibitors. Transcriptome analysis revealed that compound C20 can impact the tryptophan metabolic pathway, cutin, suberin, and wax biosynthesis of B. cinerea. Overall, pyrrolo[2,3-d]thiazole is discovered as a new fungicidal lead structure with a potential new mode of action for further exploration.

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This study aimed to elucidate the effects of dietary fermented products of Bacillus velezensis T23 on the growth, immune response and gut microbiota in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Shrimp were fed with diets containing fermentation products of B. velezensis T23 at levels of (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g/kg) for 4 weeks, to assess the influence on shrimp growth. The results showed that 0.3 and 0.4 g/kg T23 supplementation improved shrimp growth and feed utilization. Based on these results we selected these three diets (Control, 0.3T23 and 0.4T23) to assess the effect on immune response and gut microbiota of shrimp. Compared with the control, the 0.3T23 and 0.4T23 groups enhanced lipase and α-amylase activities in the gut significantly. Moreover, the 0.4T23 group decreased TAG and MDA levels in hepatopancreas, ALT and AST levels of serum significantly (P < 0.05). In hepatopancreas, CAT and SOD activities were improved observably and the MDA content was reduced markedly in both T23 groups. The expressions of antimicrobial related genes, Cru and peroxinectin in the 0.3T23 group, and proPO and peroxinectin in the 0.4T23 group were up-regulated remarkably (P < 0.05). Moreover, hepatopancreas of shrimp fed with a diet amended with T23 showed a significant down-regulated expression of nf-kb and tnf-α genes, while expressions of tgf-ß was considerably up-regulated. Furthermore, serum LPS and LBP contents were reduced markedly in T23 groups. Intestinal SOD and CAT were noteworthy higher in T23 groups (P < 0.05). In the intestine of shrimp fed on the diet enriched with T23 the expression of nf-κb and tnf-α exhibited markedly down-regulated, whereas hif1α was up-regulated (P < 0.05). Besides, in the intestine of shrimp grouped under T23, Cru and peroxinectin genes were markedly up-regulated (P < 0.05). Dietary 0.3 g/kg T23 also upregulated the ratio of Rhodobacteraceae to Vibrionaceae in the gut of the shrimp. Taken together, the inclusion of B. velezensis T23 in the diet of shrimp enhanced the growth and feed utilization, enhanced hepatopancreas and intestine health.

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Polylactic acid (PLA) is an eco-friendly material that can help address the problems of petroleum depletion and pollution. Blending renewable biomass materials with PLA to create composite foams with a tunable pore structure, superior performance, and low cost is a green technique for improving the pore structure and mechanical characteristics of single PLA foams. PLA/TP composites were created using melted tomato peel pomace powder (TP), which has a lamellar structure, as a reinforcing agent. Then, the relationship between the vesicle structure, morphology, and properties of the PLA/TP composite foams produced through supercritical CO2 intermittent foaming were investigated. The findings revealed that TP considerably enhanced the rheological characteristics and crystalline behavior of PLA. The PLA/TP composite foam had a better cell structure, compression characteristics, and wettability than pure PLA. The expansion ratio of the PLA/TP composite could reach 18.8, and its thermal conductivity decreased from 174.2 mW/m·K at 100 °C to 57.8 mW/m·K at 120 °C. Furthermore, annealing before foaming decreased the average composite foam blister size from 110.09 to 66.53 µm, and the annealing process also improved compression performance. This study contributes to solving environmental difficulties and creating PLA foams with controlled bubble structures, uniform bubble sizes, and outstanding overall performance.

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