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A neuromorphic visual system integrating optoelectronic synapses to perform the in-sensor computing is triggering a revolution due to the reduction of latency and energy consumption. Here it is demonstrated that the dwell time of photon-generated carriers in the space-charge region can be effectively extended by embedding a potential well on the shoulder of Schottky energy barrier. It permits the nonlinear interaction of photocurrents stimulated by spatiotemporal optical signals, which is necessary for in-sensor reservoir computing (RC). The machine vision with the sensor reservoir constituted by designed self-powered Au/P(VDF-TrFE)/Cs2 AgBiBr6 /ITO devices is competent for both static and dynamic vision tasks. It shows an accuracy of 99.97% for face classification and 100% for dynamic vehicle flow recognition. The in-sensor RC system takes advantage of near-zero energy consumption in the reservoir, resulting in decades-time lower training costs than a conventional neural network. This work paves the way for ultralow-power machine vision using photonic devices.

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BACKGROUNDS: Decoding and vocabulary are two essential abilities to reading comprehension. Investigating the roles of decoding and vocabulary in Chinese reading development can not only provide empirical evidence to enrich the current reading theories but also have implications for educational practice. AIMS: To examine the developing importance of decoding and vocabulary to reading comprehension and the reciprocal relationship between decoding and vocabulary across the reading development. SAMPLE: A total of 186 Chinese children were followed from grade 1 to grade 3 (aged 6.5 to 8.5 years). METHODS: Participants' decoding, vocabulary, and reading comprehension abilities were measured once a year for three years. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to obtain the unique contributions of decoding and vocabulary to reading comprehension in the different grades. A cross-lagged structural equation model was used to explore the reciprocal relationship between decoding and vocabulary over the three years. RESULTS: Decoding and vocabulary explained nearly 40% of the variance to reading comprehension across grades, and the unique contribution of decoding decreased over the grades (from 29% to 8%) while that of vocabulary increased (from 3% to 9%). Moreover, vocabulary always predicted decoding from grade 1, but decoding predicted later vocabulary only started in grade 2. CONCLUSIONS: Decoding skills are important to reading comprehension in the early learn-to-read grades. However, vocabulary becomes more critical for reading comprehension in later grades. Larger oral vocabularies promote the development of decoding skills, and vice versa.

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Highly optimistic explanatory style (HOES) and highly pessimistic explanatory style (HPES) are two maladaptive ways to explain the world and may have roots in attachment insecurity. The current study aims to explore the effects of security priming - activating supportive representations of attachment security - on ameliorating these maladaptive explanatory styles. 57 participants with HOES and 57 participants with HPES were randomized into security priming and control conditions. Their scores of overall optimistic attribution were measured before and after priming. Security priming had a moderating effect: the security primed HOES group exhibited lower optimistic attribution, while the security primed HPES group evinced higher scores of optimistic attribution. Furthermore, the security primed HOES group attributed positive outcomes more externally, while the security primed HPES group attributed successful results more internally. The results support the application of security priming interventions on maladaptive explanatory styles. Its potential mechanism and directions for future study are also discussed.