RESUMEN
Tissue-resident macrophages (Mø) originating from fetal precursors are maintained via self-renewal under tissue-/organ-specific microenvironments. Herein, we developed a propagation method of testicular tissue-resident Mø in mixed primary culture with interstitial cells composed of Leydig cells from the mouse testis. We examined Mø/monocyte marker expression in propagated testicular Mø using flow cytometry; gene expression involved in testosterone production as well as spermatogenesis in testicular Mø and interstitial cells propagated by mixed culture via RT-PCR; and progesterone (P4) de novo production in propagated testicular Mø treated with cyclic adenosine monophosphate, isoproterenol, and M1 polarization inducers using ELISA. Mø marker expression patterns in the propagated Mø were identical to those in testicular interstitial Mø with a CD206-positive/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II-negative M2 phenotype. We identified the genes involved in P4 production, transcription factors essential for steroidogenesis, and androgen receptors, and showed that P4 production de novo was upregulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate and ß2-adrenergic stimulation and was downregulated by M1 polarization stimulation in Mø. We also demonstrated the formation of gap junctions between Leydig cells and interstitial Mø. This is the first study to demonstrate de novo P4 production in tissue-resident Mø. Based on previous studies revealing inhibition of testosterone production by P4, we propose that local feedback machinery between Leydig cells and adjacent interstitial Mø regulates testosterone production. The results presented in this study can facilitate future studies on immune-endocrine interactions in gonads that are related to infertility and hormonal disorders.
RESUMEN
Clostridium cellulovorans 743B was isolated from a wood chip pile and is an anaerobic and mesophilic spore-forming bacterium. This organism degrades native substrates in soft biomass such as corn fiber and rice straw efficiently by producing an extracellular enzyme complex called the cellulosome. Here we report the genome sequence of C. cellulovorans 743B.
Asunto(s)
Celulosomas/metabolismo , Clostridium cellulovorans/genética , Clostridium cellulovorans/metabolismo , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Genoma Bacteriano/inmunología , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
We report a case of uretero-aortic fistula following prolonged ureteral stenting in the left ureter which crossed over the aorta toward the cutaneous ureterostomy stoma. A 59 year-old woman presented massive bleeding from the left cutaneous ureterostomy of the single stoma for bilateral ureters. The patient underwent radical hysterectomy and total cystectomy with a single stoma cutaneous ureterostomy for advanced cervical and bladder cancers. The postoperative course was uneventful except for pyelonephritis due to bilateral ureteral stenosis, which were treated by bilateral ureteral stenting. The patient had intermittent hematuria from the left cutaneous ureterostomy for 4 years after ureteral stenting. Massive bleeding from the left cutaneous ureterostomy requiring a big amount of blood transfusion followed intermittent hematuria, finally. A Computed tomography (CT) suggested both severe adhesion of the left ureter to the aorta and left renal pelvic hematoma. Massive bleeding seemed to be caused by uretero-aortic fistula. A fistula, about 5 mm in diameter, from the left ureter to the aorta was detected at exploration. The defect of aortic wall was closed primarily and then left nephroureterectomy underwent for nonfunctioning kidney. Her postoperative course was uneventful at the 18-month follow-up.