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Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis (PM/DM) is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) manifesting mainly as symmetrical proximal muscle weakness and/or typical cutaneous features due to autoimmune mechanisms. Clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM) is a subset of DM that exhibits only the typical cutaneous features without any clinical muscle symptoms. Several autoantibodies have been found specifically in patients with PM/DM, including CADM patients. Anti-KS antibody is one of a group of anti-aminoacyl transfer RNA (ARS) antibodies that are mainly associated with fever, Raynaud's phenomenon, polyarthritis, and interstitial lung disease (ILD), whereas anti-TIF1-γ antibody is frequently found in DM patients with malignancy. Here, we report a CADM patient having both anti-KS antibody and anti-TIF1-γ antibody. This patient developed an acute exacerbation of ILD and was successfully treated with high dose corticosteroid pulse therapy together with immunosuppressive agents. Although earlier experience had indicated that the seminal characteristic of anti-KS-positive ILD was slowly developing disease onset with little or no progression over the clinical course, the present patient suffered rapidly progressive disease.

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Objectives Dermatomyositis (DM) is often associated with fatal anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD). RP-ILD often fails to respond to intensive treatment and has a poor prognosis. We examined the effectiveness of early plasma exchange therapy plus intensive treatment with high-dose corticosteroids and multiple immunosuppressants. Methods Autoantibodies were identified by an immunoprecipitation assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All clinical and immunological data were collected retrospectively from medical charts. We divided patients into two groups based on treatment regimen: intensive immunosuppressive therapy alone as initial treatment (IS group) and early initiation of plasma exchange (PE) plus intensive immunosuppressive therapy (ePE group). Early PE therapy was designated if PE therapy was initiated within two weeks of starting treatment. Comparisons of the treatment response and prognosis between groups were performed. Patients Anti-MDA5-positive DM with RP-ILD was screened. Results Forty-four RP-ILD and DM patients had anti-MDA5 antibodies. Four patients were excluded because they died before receiving sufficient combined immunosuppressive therapy or before the evaluation of the immunosuppressive treatment effectiveness (IS, n=31; ePE, n=9). All 9 patients in the ePE group had improved respiratory symptoms and were alive, whereas 12 of 31 patients in the IS group died (100 vs. 61%, p=0.037). Of the 8 patients who had 2 values for a poor prognosis, indicating the highest risk for death using the MCK model, 3 of 3 patients in the ePE group and 2 of 5 in the IS group were alive (100 vs. 40%, p=0.20). Conclusion The early initiation of ePE therapy plus intensive immunosuppressive therapy was effective for patients with DM and refractory RP-ILD.

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2-Phenylethylamine (phenethylamine) and its derivatives are stimulant drugs, which are prohibited in sports because of their potential performance-enhancing properties. If phenethylamine is detected in an athlete's urine, the athlete may be subjected to serious sanctions, such as disqualification for both domestic and international competitions. Given the serious consequences athletes face for phenethylamine detection, great care should be taken to avoid false positive tests. In forensic medicine, it is widely known that phenethylamine is produced by putrefactive bacteria in autopsy urine samples; it is possible that this process could also occur in an athlete's urine sample without proper storage. In this study, human urine samples were stored at -20, 4, or 22°C for 14 days, and phenethylamine in the samples was quantitatively analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. No phenethylamine was detected in urine samples stored at -20°C throughout 14-day period. Nevertheless, phenethylamine was detected after 6 days in these samples stored at 4°C and after only 1 day in samples stored at 22°C. Additionally, the concentration of phenethylamine in these samples increased each day after detection. These results suggest that urine samples should be stored immediately at -20°C after collection when testing athletes for phenethylamine, especially if the sample must be stored for extended period before testing.

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OBJECTIVES: Anti-asparaginyl tRNA synthetase (anti-KS) antibody is present in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) accompanied by polymyositis/dermatomyositis. We examined clinical/immunological features of these patients. METHODS: Polymyositis/dermatomyositis or ILD patients were screened for autoantibodies, and clinical/immunological data were collected retrospectively. ILD was diagnosed by computed tomography, and clinical/immunological features of anti-KS-positive patients were compared with those of anti-Jo-1-positive patients. RESULTS: Sixteen anti-KS-positive patients [female = 11; male = 5; average age 63.6 years (range, 40-81) years] were diagnosed: seven had ILD, four had clinically amyopathic DM (CADM) and ILD, three had Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and ILD one each had rheumatoid arthritis and ILD, or CADM/SS overlap and ILD. All patients had ILD with chronic onset and clinical course; 11/16 (69%) had nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, and five (31%) had usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. Regarding skin manifestations, 4 (27%) had typical DM rash and 11 (69%) had mechanic's hands. All anti-KS-positive patients had no clinical muscle weakness or serum creatine kinase elevation; 8/16 patients (50%) had sicca symptoms at a significantly high frequency compared with anti-Jo-1-positive patients (50% vs 11%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Anti-KS-positive patients might form a distinguishable subset closely associated with sicca symptoms, CADM and chronic-type ILD with a relatively favourable prognosis.

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Retinoic acid (RA) induces granulocytic differentiation and inhibits the growth of human promyelocytic leukemia HL60 cells. α-Actinin-4 is a member of the α-actinin family, which exhibits unique mechanosensory regulation. Herein, we elucidated the effects of RA on α-actinin-4 expression during cell differentiation. RA increased the levels of α-actinin-4 protein significantly, while mRNA expression remained unchanged. In addition, RA treatment altered the intracellular localization of α-actinin-4 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Cells pretreated with RA, maintained α-actinin-4 protein levels after cycloheximide treatment as compared with control cells. The amount of ubiquitylated α-actinin-4 protein in RA-treated cells was less than in control cells. These results indicate that RA may inhibit nuclei transport and proteasomal degradation of α-actinin-4 protein. α-Actinin-4 may play a significant role in RA-induced differentiation, including the promotion of cytomorphology changes.

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Dermatomyositis (DM) is a categorised as one of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) indicated by symmetrical proximal muscle weakness as well as characteristic cutaneous manifestations typical of DM. Clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM), a subtype of DM, shows only the skin involvement without any clinical signs of myositis. This condition is often associated with fatal anti-MDA5 antibody-positive rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD), especially in Eastern Asian populations. Here, we report a CADM patient with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive RP-ILD whom we successfully treated by early initiation of plasma exchange (PE) together with multiple immunosuppressive therapies. In this patient, initial treatment with high-dose prednisolone (PSL), tacrolimus and intermittent intravenous cyclophosphamide had resulted in no obvious improvement in the respiratory condition. Therefore, soon after the first evaluation, we initiated PE therapy in addition to these multiple immunosuppressive therapies. Although the patient had pneumomediastinum, cytomegalovirus and fungal infections over the clinical course, RP-ILD did gradually improved and the anti-MDA5 titre decreased down to within the normal range paralleled by improvement in the patient's respiratory condition.

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Fentanyl transdermal patches have been used to treat cancer- and noncancer-related chronic pain. However, its inappropriate or illegal application may cause fatal poisoning. We herein present the case of a Japanese woman in her 40s who was found dead with seven 25-µg/h fentanyl transdermal patches on her body. We established a detailed toxicological analysis procedure to quantify fentanyl, and its metabolite norfentanyl, and other drugs (acetaminophen, allylisopropylacetylurea, celecoxib, estazolam, promethazine, and sertraline) in human whole blood by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The measured fentanyl and norfentanyl concentrations in the femoral and cardiac blood were 0.051 and 0.072 µg/mL and 0.033 and 0.076 µg/mL, respectively. The decedent's fentanyl concentrations were consistent with previously reported postmortem blood levels for fatal cases of poisoning by fentanyl transdermal patches. Based on the decedent's case history, autopsy findings, and toxicological analyses, the cause of death was identified as intoxication with transdermal fentanyl.

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PURPOSE: The potato glycoalkaloids (PGAs), α-solanine and α-chaconine can exert adverse effects on human health when consumed in excess. This study aimed to investigate the optimal extraction method for the quantitative analysis of PGAs in whole blood by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and to apply this validated method to postmortem blood. METHODS: A total of 200 µL of human whole blood was prepared for PGA extraction. For validation, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis® PRiME HLB, in which extraction could be performed in three simple steps (sample loading, washing, and elution) was used, with no need for both conditioning and equilibration of columns for sample preparation. RESULTS: In this method, the limit of detection and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of both α-solanine and α-chaconine were 1 and 2 µg/L, respectively. The calibration curves of the two compounds were obtained with good linearity in the range of 2-100 µg/L. The recovery rates at the LLOQ of α-solanine and α-chaconine were ≥ 91.8% and ≥ 85.9%, respectively. The validation data (intra- and inter-day combined) for accuracy ranged from 93.5 to 106.6% for α-solanine and from 93.9 to 107.7% for α-chaconine. This validated method was successfully applied to one forensic autopsy case, and the concentrations of α-solanine and α-chaconine in the postmortem cardiac blood were 45.1 and 35.5 µg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This validated UHPLC-MS/MS with SPE for quantitative analysis of PGAs could be useful in forensic toxicology.

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Organophosphates are widely used as pesticides. However, organophosphates are occasionally orally ingested to commit suicide. In this case, a man in his late 80s committed suicide by ingesting both dichlorvos and phenthoate. Autopsy findings revealed a characteristic volatile odor from his mouth, stomach, lungs, liver, and kidneys. The esophageal mucosa was denatured and had lost elasticity. Serum cholinesterase activity was 9 IU/L. Toxicological analyses performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed that dichlorvos concentrations in the left and right cardiac blood samples were 11.6 and 4.6 µg/mL, respectively. Phenthoate concentrations in the left and right cardiac blood samples were 5.8 and 0.51 µg/mL, respectively. The total amounts of dichlorvos and phenthoate in the stomach were 7.35 and 4.55 g, respectively. The case history, autopsy findings, and toxicological analyses indicated that the cause of death was acute fatal poisoning after oral ingestion of both dichlorvos and phenthoate.

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Chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction (CIPO) is a serious complication in patients with connective tissue disease (CTD) and is sometimes life-threatening or fatal despite intensive medical treatment. Here, we report a patient with dermatomyositis (DM) and anti-EJ autoantibody who developed CIPO that was improved by octreotide. Because her abdominal pain and bloatedness were so severe and persistent, we introduced octreotide to relieve symptoms. In this case, continuous intravenous administration as well as long-acting subcutaneous injection of octreotide was effective for treating CIPO.

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Here, we report a patient with sarcoidosis who developed edematous erythema and interstitial lung disease. At the initial visit, clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM) with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD) was suspected because he had progressive dyspnea but no muscle weakness. The presence of anti-CADM-140/MDA5 autoantibodies was immediately assessed to facilitate a precise diagnosis, with negative results. Thereafter, skin and transbronchial lung biopsies revealed noncaseating granuloma with Langhans giant cells in both specimens, leading to a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. In this case, clinical features of skin and lung were unable to distinguish DM (including CADM) from sarcoidosis, but the lack of anti-CADM-140/MDA5 antibody was useful for differentiating CADM with RP-ILD mimicking sarcoidosis from bona fide sarcoidosis.

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A 57-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and limited systemic sclerosis (lSSc) was suspected to have lymphadenopathy and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Lymph node biopsy showed reactive follicular lymphadenopathy with intrafollicular plasmacyte infiltration that was interleukin-6 positive by immunohistostaining. Because of gradually worsening arthritis, tocilizumab was administered and arthritis improved markedly. Interestingly, lymphadenopathy and PBC improved simultaneously. This suggested that interleukin-6 might play an important role in reactive lymphadenopathy and PBC associated with RA/lSSc.

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Nocardiosis is caused by gram-positive aerobic actinomycetes that live in soil and are known to be responsible for opportunistic infections. The condition mostly affects the lung, brain or skin. Here, we present a 24-year-old Japanese woman who had had systemic lupus erythematosus since the age of 20 years, and lupus nephritis since the age of 23 years. She developed cutaneous lymph duct-type nocardiosis due to Nocardia araoensis while on immunosuppressant therapy. The patient had cutaneous findings from the right inguinal region to the right lower thigh and did not have lesions on the rest of the body. Minocycline and co-trimoxazole were co-administrated, and her condition improved. To our knowledge, this is the first case in which N. araoensis was detected by analysis on rRNA base sequence in skin lesions.

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More than 50 years have passed since glucocorticoid (GC) therapy was introduced into the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) . Although the effect of GC monotherapy on RA is limited to short-term and long-term GC treatment carries the risks of adverse effects and rebound phenomenon after the discontinuation, disease-modifying action of GC have been recently reported when used in combination with DMARDs. One of the important side effects associated with GC therapy is osteoporosis, and Japanese guidelines on the management and treatment of glucocorticoid -induced osteoporosis have been published recently. Further studies are necessary to elucidate long-term benefit-risk ratio of low-dose GC therapy on RA.

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The rapid and reversible electron transfer reaction of cytochrome b562 was observed at an In2O3 electrode. The estimated heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k0') was k0' > or = 5.0 x 10(-3) cm s(-1) at pH 6.5. When the methionine-7 (Met-7) residue, which coordinates to the heme iron as an axial ligand, of the wild-type cytochrome b562 was replaced by an Ala or Gly residue, a water molecule bound to the heme iron and the electron transfer rate constants decreased to 1.3 x 10(-3) and 1.8 x 10(-3) cm s(-1), respectively. This decrease in the electron transfer rate would be due to the larger reorganization energy for the structural change at the redox site. The midpoint potential of cytochrome b562 was shifted negatively by approximately 135 mV by replacing Met-7 with Ala or Gly. Similar dissociation kinetics of cyanide for the mutated molecules as compared to native myoglobin was obtained.

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The electron transfer reaction of wild-type myoglobin at an electrode was significantly facilitated in a D2O buffer as compared with that in an H2O buffer, with k(0)'(H2O)/k(0)'(D2O)= 0.13, while a minimal deuterium kinetic isotope effect on the myoglobin with modification at distal histidine (His-64) was observed.

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We replaced protoheme-IX in native myoglobin with the symmetric protohemes-III and -XIII, in order to investigate the role of heme vinyl-globin contacts on Mb function. The UV-visible spectra and the resonance Raman spectra in the high-frequency region (containing oxidation, spin, and coordination state marker lines) of the two reconstituted Mbs were very similar. However, the signal intensity of the Soret band in the CD spectra and the resonance Raman lines for vinyl bending modes in the low-frequency region notably differed, thereby reflecting altered heme peripheral contacts. The redox potentials, formal heterogeneous electron-transfer rates, and thermal denaturation temperatures of the two reconstituted Mbs were also indistinguishable. In addition, the oxygen binding properties of the ferrous deoxy Mbs were comparable. These results demonstrate that altered heme vinyl-globin interactions only slightly affect the physical properties of Mb. It is therefore likely that the orientation of protoheme-IX about the alpha,gamma-axis in the heme pocket is not necessarily a crucial factor for oxygen binding to native Mb.

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Methotrexate (MTX) plays an important role in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It significantly reduce expected radiographic progression. Comparing with other traditional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), MTX slow radiographic progression during the first 2 years. Since combination with anti-tumor nectosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) therapy has been shown to be effective for the early supression of disease activity, it could be usefull to minimize bone destruction in RA.