RESUMEN
Sulfur-containing groups preorganized on macrocyclic scaffolds are well suited for liquid-phase complexation of soft metal ions; however, their binding potential was not extensively studied at the air-water interface, and the effect of thioether topology on metal ion binding mechanisms under various conditions was not considered. Herein, we report the interface receptor characteristics of topologically varied thiacalixarene thioethers (linear bis-(methylthio)ethoxy derivative L2, O2S2-thiacrown-ether L3, and O2S2-bridged thiacalixtube L4). The study was conducted in bulk liquid phase and Langmuir monolayers. For all compounds, the highest liquid-phase extraction selectivity was revealed for Ag+ and Hg2+ ions vs. other soft metal ions. In thioether L2 and thiacalixtube L4, metal ion binding was evidenced by a blue shift of the band at 303 nm (for Ag+ species) and the appearance of ligand-to-metal charge transfer bands at 330-340 nm (for Hg2+ species). Theoretical calculations for thioether L2 and its Ag and Hg complexes are consistent with experimental data of UV/Vis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffractometry of Ag-thioether L2 complexes and Hg-thiacalixtube L4 complex for the case of coordination around the metal center involving two alkyl sulfide groups (Hg2+) or sulfur atoms on the lower rim and bridging unit (Ag+). In thiacrown L3, Ag and Hg binding by alkyl sulfide groups was suggested from changes in NMR spectra upon the addition of corresponding salts. In spite of the low ability of the thioethers to form stable Langmuir monolayers on deionized water, one might argue that the monolayers significantly expand in the presence of Hg salts in the water subphase. Hg2+ ion uptake by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of ligand L3 was proved by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Together, these results demonstrate the potential of sulfide groups on the calixarene platform as receptor unit towards Hg2+ ions, which could be useful in the development of Hg2+-selective water purification systems or thin-film sensor devices.
Asunto(s)
Espacios Confinados , Mercurio , Ligandos , Mercurio/química , Metales/química , Sales (Química) , Sulfuros/química , Azufre , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
Understanding the interaction of ions with organic receptors in confined space is of fundamental importance and could advance nanoelectronics and sensor design. In this work, metal ion complexation of conformationally varied thiacalix[4]monocrowns bearing lower-rim hydroxy (type I), dodecyloxy (type II), or methoxy (type III) fragments was evaluated. At the liquid-liquid interface, alkylated thiacalixcrowns-5(6) selectively extract alkali metal ions according to the induced-fit concept, whereas crown-4 receptors were ineffective due to distortion of the crown-ether cavity, as predicted by quantum-chemical calculations. In type-I ligands, alkali-metal ion extraction by the solvent-accessible crown-ether cavity was prevented, which resulted in competitive Ag+ extraction by sulfide bridges. Surprisingly, amphiphilic type-I/II conjugates moderately extracted other metal ions, which was attributed to calixarene aggregation in salt aqueous phase and supported by dynamic light scattering measurements. Cation-monolayer interactions at the air-water interface were monitored by surface pressure/potential measurements and UV/visible reflection-absorption spectroscopy. Topology-varied selectivity was evidenced, towards Sr2+ (crown-4), K+ (crown-5), and Ag+ (crown-6) in type-I receptors and Na+ (crown-4), Ca2+ (crown-5), and Cs+ (crown-6) in type-II receptors. Nuclear magnetic resonance and electronic absorption spectroscopy revealed exocyclic coordination in type-I ligands and cation-π interactions in type-II ligands.