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The review considers the main molecular biological features of the COVID-19 causative agent, the SARS-CoV-2 virus: life cycle, viral cell penetration strategies, interactions of viral proteins with human proteins, cytopathic effects. We also analyze pathological conditions that occur both during the course of the COVID-19 disease and after virus elimination. A brief review of the biological activities of polysaccharides isolated from various sources is given, and possible molecular biological mechanisms of these activities are considered. Data analysis shows that polysaccharides are a class of biological molecules with wide potential for use in the treatment of both acute conditions in COVID-19 and post-COVID syndrome.

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Recently, there has been a tendency for the growth of dentognathic deformities of various origins, accompanied by phonetic abnormalities. Aim - to increase the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment of dentognathic deformities, accompanied by phonetic disorders, by developing and justifying a set of diagnostic and therapeutic measures based on a multidisciplinary approach. The influence of the state of ENT organs on the formation of dentognathic deformities and phonetic disturbances is studied in 155 children. A clinical dental examination and orthodontic treatment is performed in 82 patients aged 6-12 years. Individual corrective speech therapy work has been carried out to overcome the defects of the phonological side of speech. A certain pathological "chain" of cause-effect relationships of dentognathic deformities with phonetic disorders and diseases of the ENT organs became the basis for a multidisciplinary approach to solving the problems identified. The qualitative and quantitative dependence of sound deterioration on the type of orthognathic deformities is established. A complex of diagnostic and therapeutic measures for patients with dental deformities accompanied by phonetic disorders, consisting of motivational, diagnostic and therapeutic blocks, has been developed and introduced into practice. The proposed complex of diagnostic and treatment measures made it possible to increase the efficiency of orthodontic treatment of children with dentognathic deformities with disturbances of sound pronunciation depending on the type of bite by means of a multidisciplinary approach involving an otolaryngologist, speech therapist, children's therapist and surgeon, which was confirmed in 86.6% of patients by the improvement of electromyography, anthropometric measurements of scanned models of jaws, cephalometry; the analysis of cone-beam computed tomography data showed a significant increase in the upper respiratory tract volume by 53.8±4.2%.

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The problem of forensic medical evaluation of injuries to the maxillofacial region remains a serious challenge to the practical activities in forensic medicine and awaits solution. The present article proposes the original classification of the injuries to the maxillofacial region that makes possible their rational structurization. A number of issues and peculiarities of forensic medical diagnostics, expert evaluation of the harm to health and time of infliction of injuries to selected parts of the maxillofacial region are considered in the context of the new classification. Special attention is given to certain aspects of expert evaluation of the injuries to the teeth, periodontum, and oral cavity mucosa as well as to the post-traumatic functional defects of nasal breathing.

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The concept of active medium is used as a biophysical basis for modeling spatial and temporal self-organization in anthropogenic ecosystems that results in formation of regular dynamic structures with stable or unstable modes of development. Urban ecosystem is represented as a hierarchy of interacting active media, and their non-linearity is the result of extreme anthropogenic load and mismatch between characteristic times and scales in evolution of the natural and anthropogenic components together with the complex set of positive and negative feedbacks between the subsystems. Description of the presented model is deliberately simplified so as to use a modified Fitz-Hugh-Nagumo equation. The approach developed here is quite general and allows for systematic description of urban ecosystems as distributed dissipative systems.

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More than 12.1 million people with hypertension (32.2% of the adult population) were registered in Ukraine according to the official statistics on 1 January 2011. The etiopathogenesis of AH is not fully established. Hsp60 is the molecular chaperon/chaperonin, and it's expression significantly increases in response to different kinds of stress (emotional stress, infections, smoking etc). Elevated blood pressure is a mechanical stress to the endothelium and it can induce expression of heat-shock protein 60 (Hsp60) on the endothelial cell surface. Endothelial cells in the vessel wall can be damaged by (auto) immune reactions to Hsp60 present on the cell surface. Elevation of anti-Hsp60 in the circulation is associated with the presence and severity of coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis development, pathological changes in the small vessels of the brain etc etc. Specificity of the anti-Hsp60 antibodies and their role in the pathogenesis of AH has not been established. The aim of this work was to identify the level of anti-Hsp60 antibodies in the sera of patients with AH. 128 patients with AH were examined. To define level of anti-Hsp60 antibodies the sera 39 patients with AH, including 12 clinically healthy individuals (the family history are included the AH cases)--1 group, 19 patients with stage 2--2 group and 8 patients with stage 3--3 group were examined. The control group included 112 blood donors. Anti-Hsp60 antibodies in sera were determined by ELISA and immunobloting (Western-blotting). Recombinant piotein GroEL Escherihia coli (prokaryotic homologue of human Hsp60) and human Hsp60 were used as antigens. Average of levels of antibodies against GroEL and human Hsp60 in the serum of all groups twice exeeded the value of the control (P < 0.001). Antibodies to prokaryotic Hsp60 were prevailed in patients with AH. The seropositive serum to Hsp60 were detectived in patients, that had the risk of the AH complications by ELISA and immunoblotting. In addition, highly reactive IgG anti-Hsp60 antibodies purified by affinity chromatography from human sera of patients with AH recognized GroEL and human Hsp60 in immunoblotting. Elevated levels of anti-Hsp60 antibody in sera of patients with AH stage 3 correlated with pronounced changes in the target organs such as a massive recurrent hemorrhage into the retina, acute ischemic stroke, cardiosclerosis and angionephrosclerosis. It may indicate the involvement of anti-Hsp60 antibodies in the development of the target organ damage.

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The antibacterial effect of a new type I interferon inducer, an yeast RNA-tilorone molecular complex (MC), was studied using a model of staphylococcal infection. The MC taken in experimental doses being optimal interferon-inducing ones accelerates the Staphylococcus aureus elimination from mice organisms accompanied by increased functional ability (phagocytosis and bactericide activity) of peritoneal macrophages. The conclusion is that the MC antibacterial activity detected is mediated by its interferon-inducing properties.

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A dynamic method is proposed for the separation of the electrolyte components using a parametric pump with an ion exchange column. It was studied experimentally and described mathematically. The parametric separation of mixtures is based on interactions of two oscillating fields with a heterogeneous system containing two phases, a liquid and a solid one, the components of the mixture being able to redistribute between the phases. The field of mechanical force is responsible for cyclic relative displacement of the phases, and synchronously changing temperature causes redistribution of the components between them. This results in sodium and potassium fluxes opposite in direction which in turn leads to accumulation of sodium and potassium in opposite end cells.

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A model for the dynamics of quasi-1D lipid structures in biological membranes is proposed. The model takes into account interactions between the lipid heads and hydro-carbon chains, the description of their relaxation dynamics being based on the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau approach. It is shown that in lateral linear structures of lipids, a soliton-like excitation can propagate with constant velocity. The latter in turn may provide for lateral transport of matter and for membrane conformation changes.

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The channel-forming antibiotic peptide alamethicin was used in measurements of Ca-ATPase activity in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles, proteoliposomes containing Ca(2+)-ATPase from SR, and native human platelets. Alamethicin was used as a permeabilizing agent providing for a free access of the whole cells or sealed vesicles interiors for ions, ATP, and other reactants. The experiments were carried out with the use of alamethicin preparations obtained in our laboratory and that purchased from the Upjohn Company (antibiotic U-22,324). A comparative study of the effects of Ca(2+)-ionophore A23187 and alamethicin was performed on native SR vesicles containing Ca(2+)-ATPase molecules with right orientation and SR vesicles treated with cholate in order to randomize Ca(2+)-ATPase molecules orientation in the membrane. It was found out that alamethicin, like A-23187, prevents the ATP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation by the vesicles and therefore activates the Ca(2+)-ATPase. Maximal specific activities of the Ca(2+)-ATPase in native SR vesicles in the presence of either alamethicin, or A23187, or both of them, are equal in all cases to 20 activity units (mumol Pi per min per mg protein). The operative range of alamethicin concentrations is 5-25 micrograms/ml and is a little wider than that for A23187. The ATPase activity of the SR vesicles treated with cholate reached 20 units in the presence of alamethicin while in the presence of A23187 it was only 10 units. These data suggest that alamethicin unlike A23187 allows ATP to reach the ATPase's active centers from the inside of the SR vesicles with 'randomized' membranes, the ATP transport through the membrane not being the rate-limiting stage of ATP hydrolysis. It was shown that diffusion flux of ATP through a BLM in the presence of alamethicin may reach 10% of the flux through the hole without the BLM. With the use of alamethicin it was found out that the quality of randomization of the ATPase molecules orientation in the membrane depends on the proteoliposome preparation technique. The ATP transport through the alamethicin pores makes possible the use of alamethicin in accurate measurements of Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in whole cells. A method was developed for determination of the activity of human platelets was found to be 90-100 nmol Pi per min per mg protein.

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