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Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Since the 1990 s, many countries have made significant progress in reducing the incidence of TB and associated mortality by improving health services and strengthening surveillance systems. Nevertheless, due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), alongside extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) and TB-HIV co-infection, TB remains one of the lead causes of death arising from infectious disease worldwide, especially in developing countries and disadvantaged populations. Marine natural products (MNPs) have received a large amount of attention in recent years as a source of pharmaceutical constituents and lead compounds, and are expected to offer significant resources and potential in the fields of drug development and biotechnology in the years to come. This review summarizes 169 marine natural products and their synthetic derivatives displaying anti-TB activity from 2013 to the present, including their structures, sources and functions. Partial synthetic information and structure-activity relationships (SARs) are also included.

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Novel construction methods for obtaining 3,4'-pyran spirooxindole heterocyclic skeletons have always been the focus of attention. Herein, we report a highly enantioselective inverse-electron-demand oxa-Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction of a ß,γ-unsaturated pyrazole amide and a N-diphenyl isatin-derived oxodiene using a bifunctional catalyst. In addition, large-scale experiments confirmed the reliability of the reaction. The resultant products of this study can be further transformed.

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The fungus Xylaria sp. Z184, harvested from the leaves of Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve, has been isolated for the first time. Chemical investigation on the methanol extract of the culture broth of the titles strain led to the discovery of three new pyranone derivatives, called fallopiaxylaresters A-C (1-3), and a new bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid, named fallopiaxylarol A (4), along with the first complete set of spectroscopic data for the previously reported pestalotiopyrone M (5). Known pyranone derivatives (6-11), sesquiterpenoids (12-14), isocoumarin derivatives (15-17), and an aromatic allenic ether (18) were also co-isolated in this study. All new structures were elucidated by the interpretation of HRESIMS, 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy, and quantum chemical computation approach. The in vitro antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and α-glucosidase-inhibitory activities of the selected compounds and the crude extract were evaluated. The extract was shown to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells, with an inhibition rate of 77.28 ± 0.82% at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. The compounds 5, 7, and 8 displayed weak antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus areus subsp. aureus at a concentration of 100 µM.

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The "death cap", Amanita phalloides, is the world's most poisonous mushroom, responsible for 90% of mushroom-related fatalities. The most fatal component of the death cap is α-amanitin. Despite its lethal effect, the exact mechanisms of how α-amanitin poisons humans remain unclear, leading to no specific antidote available for treatment. Here we show that STT3B is required for α-amanitin toxicity and its inhibitor, indocyanine green (ICG), can be used as a specific antidote. By combining a genome-wide CRISPR screen with an in silico drug screening and in vivo functional validation, we discover that N-glycan biosynthesis pathway and its key component, STT3B, play a crucial role in α-amanitin toxicity and that ICG is a STT3B inhibitor. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ICG is effective in blocking the toxic effect of α-amanitin in cells, liver organoids, and male mice, resulting in an overall increase in animal survival. Together, by combining a genome-wide CRISPR screen for α-amanitin toxicity with an in silico drug screen and functional validation in vivo, our study highlights ICG as a STT3B inhibitor against the mushroom toxin.

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Cynanchum viminale subsp. australe, more commonly known as caustic vine, is a leafless succulent that grows in the northern arid zone of Australia. Toxicity toward livestock has been reported for this species, along with use in traditional medicine and its potential anticancer activity. Disclosed herein are novel seco-pregnane aglycones cynavimigenin A (5) and cynaviminoside A (6), together with new pregnane glycosides cynaviminoside B (7) and cynavimigenin B (8). Cynavimigenin B (8) contains an unprecedented 7-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane moiety in the seco-pregnane series, likely arising from a pinacol-type rearrangement. Interestingly, these isolates displayed only limited cytotoxicity in cancer and normal human cell lines, in addition to low activity against acetylcholinesterase and Sarcoptes scabiei bioassays, suggesting that 5-8 are not associated with the reported toxicity of this plant species.

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Chemical studies on the culture broth of the endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. J030 led to the identification of three benzylated hydroxyacetophenone derivatives, bauvaroalterins A-C (1-3), and 34 structurally diverse metabolites (4-37). The new structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses including UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and further confirmed using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The in vitro anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the co-isolated metabolites were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial cells. Compounds 1-3 were shown to significantly reduce LPS-induced NO production by inhibiting the expression of iNOS, as well as inhibiting LPS-induced production of the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6. Further studies revealed that 1-3 were capable of down-regulating the expression of NF-κB subunits p50 and p65, thereby suppressing the activation of NF-κB by inhibiting the LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκB-α. Together these findings demonstrate that bauvaroalterins A-C (1-3) exert anti-neuroinflammatory effects via inhibition of the NF-κB/iNOS signalling pathway in LPS induced BV-2 cells.

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Current studies have found that butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) replaces the biological function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the late stage of Alzheimer's disease. Species in the genus of Fallopia, rich in polyphenols with diverse chemical structures and significant biological activities, are considered as an important resource for screening natural products to against AD. In this study, thirty-four compounds (1-34) were isolated from Fallopia dentatoalata (Fr. Schm.) Holub, and their inhibitory effects against AChE and BuChE were assessed. Compounds of the phenylpropanoid sucrose ester class emerged as the most promising members of the group, with 31-33 displaying moderate AChE inhibition (IC50 values ranging from 30.6 ± 4.7 to 56.0 ± 2.4 µM) and 30-34 showing potential inhibitory effects against BuChE (IC50 values ranging from 2.7 ± 1.7 to 17.1 ± 3.4 µM). Tacrine was used as a positive control (IC50: 126.7 ± 1.1 in AChE and 5.5 ± 1.7 nM in BuChE). Kinetic analysis highlighted compounds 31 and 32 as non-competitive inhibitors of AChE with Ki values of ∼30.0 and ∼34.4 µM, whilst 30-34 were revealed to competitively inhibit BuChE with Ki values ranging from ∼1.8 to ∼17.5 µM. Molecular binding studies demonstrated that 30-34 bound to the catalytic sites of BuChE with negative binding energies. The strong agreement between both in vitro and in silico studies highlights the phenylpropanoid sucrose esters 30-34 as promising candidates for use in future anti-cholinesterase therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease.

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Wikstroemia nutans Champ. ex Benth., a traditional herbal medicine collected at the Lingnan region of China, was chemically investigated. A new biscoumarin glucoside, wikstronutin (1), along with three known bis- and tricoumarin glucosides (2-4), two flavonoid glycosides (5-6), and eleven lignan glucosides (7-17) were isolated from the stems and roots of W. nutans. The new structure including its absolute configuration was elucidated based on a combination of 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, HRESIMS spectroscopic data, as well as chemical transformation. Compounds 1-17 were first isolated from the plant species W. nutans, while compounds 1-3, 8, and 11 were reported from the genus Wikstroemia for the first time. All co-isolates were evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The antibacterial activity of the selected compounds was also tested. Our work enriches the structure diversity of the secondary metabolites from the genus Wikstroemia.

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Mangrove-derived endophytes are rich in bioactive secondary metabolites with a variety of biological activities. Recently, a fungus Pseudofusicoccum sp. J003 was first isolated by our research group from mangrove species Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. The subsequent chemical investigation of the methanol extract of the culture broth of this strain has led to the isolation of a new sesquiterpenoid named acorenone C (1), two alkaloids (2-3), four phenolic compounds (4-7), and four steroid derivatives (8-11). The new structure of 1 was established by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy, and HRESIMS. Its absolute configuration was elucidated by experimental ECD and ECD calculation. The in vitro AChE inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of the selected compounds were evaluated. The results showed that compound 1 showed mild AChE inhibitory activity, with an inhibition rate of 23.34% at the concentration of 50 µM. Compound 9 exerted a significant inhibitory effect against nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages, with an inhibition rate of 72.89% at the concentration of 25 µM, better than that of positive control L-NMMA. Compound 9 also displayed obvious inhibition effects on the growth of two human tumor cell lines, HL-60 and SW480 (inhibition rates 98.68 ± 0.97% and 60.40 ± 4.51%, respectively). The antimicrobial activities of the compounds (1-11) against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were also tested; however, none of them showed antimicrobial activities.

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Salvia przewalskii Maxim is a perennial plant from the genus Salvia (family Lamiaceae). The roots of S. przewalskii were long used as a traditional herb to treat blood circulation related illnesses in China. As part of our continuing interest in polycyclic natural products from medicinal plants, two unprecedented adducts comprised of a dinor-diterpenoid and a 9'-nor-rosmarinic acid derivative, linked by a 1,4-benzodioxane motif (1 and 2), were isolated from the roots of S. przewalskii. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic approaches including 1D, 2D NMR, and HRFABMS. Their cytotoxic activities against five human tumor cell lines were evaluated.

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Circadian clocks orchestrate daily rhythms in organismal physiology and behavior to promote optimal performance and fitness. In Drosophila, key pacemaker proteins PERIOD (PER) and TIMELESS (TIM) are progressively phosphorylated to perform phase-specific functions. Whereas PER phosphorylation has been extensively studied, systematic analysis of site-specific TIM phosphorylation is lacking. Here, we identified phosphorylation sites of PER-bound TIM by mass spectrometry, given the importance of TIM as a modulator of PER function in the pacemaker. Among the 12 TIM phosphorylation sites we identified, at least two of them are critical for circadian timekeeping as mutants expressing non-phosphorylatable mutations exhibit altered behavioral rhythms. In particular, we observed that CK2-dependent phosphorylation of TIM(S1404) promotes nuclear accumulation of PER-TIM heterodimers by inhibiting the interaction of TIM and nuclear export component, Exportin 1 (XPO1). We propose that proper level of nuclear PER-TIM accumulation is necessary to facilitate kinase recruitment for the regulation of daily phosphorylation rhythm and phase-specific transcriptional activity of CLOCK (CLK). Our results highlight the contribution of phosphorylation-dependent nuclear export of PER-TIM heterodimers to the maintenance of circadian periodicity and identify a new mechanism by which the negative elements of the circadian clock (PER-TIM) regulate the positive elements (CLK-CYC). Finally, because the molecular phenotype of tim(S1404A) non-phosphorylatable mutant exhibits remarkable similarity to that of a mutation in human timeless that underlies familial advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS), our results revealed an unexpected parallel between the functions of Drosophila and human TIM and may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying human FASPS.

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Organisms possess photoperiodic timing mechanisms to detect variations in day length and temperature as the seasons progress. The nature of the molecular mechanisms interpreting and signaling these environmental changes to elicit downstream neuroendocrine and physiological responses are just starting to emerge. Here, we demonstrate that, in Drosophila melanogaster, EYES ABSENT (EYA) acts as a seasonal sensor by interpreting photoperiodic and temperature changes to trigger appropriate physiological responses. We observed that tissue-specific genetic manipulation of eya expression is sufficient to disrupt the ability of flies to sense seasonal cues, thereby altering the extent of female reproductive dormancy. Specifically, we observed that EYA proteins, which peak at night in short photoperiod and accumulate at higher levels in the cold, promote reproductive dormancy in female D. melanogaster Furthermore, we provide evidence indicating that the role of EYA in photoperiodism and temperature sensing is aided by the stabilizing action of the light-sensitive circadian clock protein TIMELESS (TIM). We postulate that increased stability and level of TIM at night under short photoperiod together with the production of cold-induced and light-insensitive TIM isoforms facilitate EYA accumulation in winter conditions. This is supported by our observations that tim null mutants exhibit reduced incidence of reproductive dormancy in simulated winter conditions, while flies overexpressing tim show an increased incidence of reproductive dormancy even in long photoperiod.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There are many types of skin cancer, and melanoma is the most lethal one. Dermoscopy is an important imaging technique to screen melanoma and other skin lesions. However, Skin lesion classification based on computer-aided diagnostic techniques is a challenging task owing to the scarcity of labeled data and class-imbalanced dataset. It is necessary to apply data augmentation technique based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) to skin lesion classification for helping dermatologists in more accurate diagnostic decisions. METHODS: A whole process of using GAN-based data augmentation technology to improve the skin lesion classification performance has been established in this article. First of all, the skin lesion style-based GANs is proposed according to the basic architecture of style-based GANs. The proposed model modifies the structure of style control and noise input in the original generator, adjusts both the generator and discriminator to efficiently synthesize high-quality skin lesion images. As for image classification, the classifier is constructed on the pretrained deep neural network using transfer learning method. The synthetic images from the proposed skin lesion style-based GANs are finally added to the training set to help train the classifier for better classification performance. RESULTS: The proposed skin lesion style-based GAN has been evaluated by Inception Score (IS), Fréchet Inception Distance (FID), Precision and Recall, and is superior to other compared GAN models in these quantitative evaluation metrics. By adding the synthesized images to the training set, the main classification indicators like accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, average precision and balanced multiclass accuracy are 95.2%, 83.2%, 74.3%, 96.6% and 83.1% on the dataset of International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) 2018 Challenge, which have been improved by 1.6%, 24.4%, 3.6%, 23.2% and 5.6% respectively compared to the CNN model. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed skin lesion style-based GANs can generate high-quality skin lesion images efficiently, leading to the performance improvement of the classification model. This work provides a valuable reference for medical image analysis based on deep learning.

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Circadian rhythms are generated by endogenous pacemakers that rely on transcriptional-translational feedback mechanisms conserved among species. In Drosophila, the stability of a key pacemaker protein PERIOD (PER) is tightly controlled by changes in phosphorylation status. A number of molecular players have been implicated in PER destabilization by promoting PER progressive phosphorylation. On the other hand, there have been few reports describing mechanisms that stabilize PER by delaying PER hyperphosphorylation. Here we report that the protein Suppressor of Ras (SUR-8) regulates circadian locomotor rhythms by stabilizing PER. Depletion of SUR-8 from circadian neurons lengthened the circadian period by about 2 hours and decreased PER abundance, whereas its overexpression led to arrhythmia and an increase in PER. Specifically SUR-8 promotes the stability of PER through phosphorylation regulation. Interestingly, downregulation of the protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit PP1-87B recapitulated the phenotypes of SUR-8 depletion. We found that SUR-8 facilitates interactions between PP1-87B and PER. Depletion of SUR-8 decreased the interaction of PER and PP1-87B, which supports the role of SUR-8 as a scaffold protein. Interestingly, the interaction between SUR-8 and PER is temporally regulated: SUR-8 has more binding to PER at night than morning. Thus, our results indicate that SUR-8 interacts with PP1-87B to control PER stability to regulate circadian rhythms.

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Circadian clocks control daily rhythms in behavior and physiology. In Drosophila, the small ventral lateral neurons (sLNvs) expressing PIGMENT DISPERSING FACTOR (PDF) are the master pacemaker neurons generating locomotor rhythms. Despite the importance of sLNvs and PDF in circadian behavior, little is known about factors that control sLNvs maintenance and PDF accumulation. Here, we identify the Drosophila SWI2/SNF2 protein DOMINO (DOM) as a key regulator of circadian behavior. Depletion of DOM in circadian neurons eliminates morning anticipatory activity under light dark cycle and impairs behavioral rhythmicity in constant darkness. Interestingly, the two major splice variants of DOM, DOM-A and DOM-B have distinct circadian functions. DOM-A depletion mainly leads to arrhythmic behavior, while DOM-B knockdown lengthens circadian period without affecting the circadian rhythmicity. Both DOM-A and DOM-B bind to the promoter regions of key pacemaker genes period and timeless, and regulate their protein expression. However, we identify that only DOM-A is required for the maintenance of sLNvs and transcription of pdf. Lastly, constitutive activation of PDF-receptor signaling rescued the arrhythmia and period lengthening of DOM downregulation. Taken together, our findings reveal that two splice variants of DOM play distinct roles in circadian rhythms through regulating abundance of pacemaker proteins and sLNvs maintenance.

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The highly oxygenated pimarane diterpenoids basimarols A, B, and C (3-5) were isolated from the plant species Basilicum polystachyon, which was collected within the Australian arid zone. Structure elucidation was performed using a suite of spectroscopic techniques, including X-ray crystallography. Anticancer and anti-DENV activity of 3-5 was explored, but only limited activity was observed. More extensive antiviral evaluation of stachyonic acid A (1), which was also isolated from B. polystachyon, revealed broad spectrum antiviral activity against West Nile virus (Kunjin strain, WNVKun) and human influenza viruses H1N1 and H3N2.

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A pyridone alkaloid, asperpyridone A (1), which possesses an unusual pyrano[3,2-c]pyridine scaffold, was isolated from solid cultures of the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. TJ23. Its structure, including its absolute configuration, was determined using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, quantum chemical calculations (electronic circular dichroism), and X-ray crystallography. In vitro bioassays demonstrated that asperpyridone A (1) could function as a potential hypoglycemic agent, which exhibited pronounced glucose uptake effect in liver HepG2 cells, under both normal and insulin-resistant conditions, with higher efficacy than metformin. The underlying mechanism of asperpyridone A was elucidated by analyzing the genes expressed, the Gene Ontology (GO) function enrichment, the protein interaction network, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, which suggested that asperpyridone A exhibits hypoglycemic activity by activating the insulin signaling pathway. Moreover, on the basis of the hypoglycemic potency, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was determined to be a potential target for asperpyridone A.

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An HPLC-DAD-directed chemical investigation of the soil-derived fungus Aspergillus versicolor QC812 resulted in the isolation and identification of eight new linearly fused prenylated indole alkaloids, asperversiamides I-P (1-8), along with a congener, asperversiamide H (9). Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic analysis including HRESIMS and 1D and 2D NMR, electronic circular dichroism analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Asperversiamide I (1), the first diketopiperazine derived from d-proline and l-tryptophan, possesses an unprecedented C-11-spiro-fused 6/6/5/5/6/5 hexacyclic ring system. Asperversiamide J (2) is the first linearly fused 6/6/5 tricyclic prenylated indole alkaloid to be reported. 1 and 2 showed moderate inhibitory activities against HeLa cells with IC50 values of 7.3 and 6.4 µM, respectively.

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Chemical investigation of the extracts of the aerial parts of Hypericum przewalskii Maxim. resulted in the isolation and identification of six new epoxychromene-containing polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), named przewalcyrones A-F (1-6), and one known analogue (7). All of the structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analyses, X-ray crystallographic analysis, modified Mosher's method, [Rh2(OCOCF3)4]-induced ECD, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) comparison. Structurally, przewalcyrones A-F represent the first examples of PPAPs containing an unexpected 8,8-dimethyl-3,9-epoxychromene moiety. All these compounds were evaluated for the immunosuppressive activity in anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-stimulated human T cells. Among them, przewalcyrones C and D exhibited potential in vitro immunosuppressive activity, with IC50 values of (5.01 ± 0.52) µM and (5.26 ± 0.56) µM, respectively, highlighting those compounds as a promising starting point for the development of new immunosuppressive agents.

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Hyperforatins L-U, ten undescribed polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) bearing a terminal double bond, together with a known compound hypericumoxide J, were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including HRESIMS, IR, UV, and NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY, and NOESY experiments). Their absolute configurations were determined by comprehensive analyses of their experimental ECD spectra in conjunction with a modified Mosher's method. Evaluation of their neuroprotective activities highlighted hyperforatin L, which displayed mild activity at a concentration of 10 µM.

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