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Heated tobacco products (HTP) are a new type of tobacco product, also known as heat-not-burn (HnB) tobacco products. They are devices that use an electronic heat source to heat tobacco and produce aerosols containing nicotine for smokers to inhale. Currently, traditional combustible cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are increasingly being regulated under the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Tobacco companies have responded by actively promoting heated tobacco products worldwide, which pose new challenges to global tobacco control efforts and may become a challenge for tobacco control work in China. In reviewing the situation and the potential harm of heated tobacco products, it was noted that HTP are rapidly gaining popularity worldwide, and that their harmfulness may be underestimated. Compared to combustible cigarettes (CC) and ENDS, the long-term health effects of HTP are not fully understood, and they may pose new health risks. Potential health risks include an increase in smoking prevalence, the presence of harmful and potentially harmful compounds not found in CC, and the potential gateway effect on non-smokers. Due to differences in laws, regulations, health policies, institutions, and cultural factors related to the tobacco industry in different countries and regions, attitudes, and regulatory measures towards HTP also vary. It is essential for countries and regions around the world to develop appropriate policies to strengthen control of HTP and prevent their widespread use.

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Schizophrenic and pregnant smokers with tobacco dependence had always been excluded from most large treatment trials for nicotine dependence. As weight gain was found to be common after smoking cessation, obese people were more likely to have a reduced willingness to quit smoking and an increased risk of relapse. This article reviewed the latest research progress in pharmacological treatment of tobacco dependence in schizophrenia, pregnant women, and obese people.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical and laboratory features of patients with lupus nephritis (LN) in the presence and absence of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies (anti-GBM) and to establish whether the characteristics of the disease correlate with anti-GBM. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 157 hospitalised patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 91 of whom had LN. The test for anti-GBM used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical and laboratory data were collected and assessed in LN patients with and without anti-GBM. RESULTS: Anti-GBM was detected in 14 (8.9%) of 157 patients with SLE. All of the 14 patients developed LN; of these, 10 reached the criteria for crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN) and five were diagnosed as Goodpasture's disease. Serum anti-GBM levels were correlated with the presence of both anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (anti-dsDNA) and anti-nucleosome antibodies (anti-NuA). Significant differences in extrarenal clinical manifestations were found between anti-GBM-positive and -negative LN patients, with regard to pleuritis, pulmonary haemorrhage, sinusitis, and anaemia in particular. CONCLUSIONS: LN with anti-GBM is not rare in Chinese patients. Anti-GBM, together with the additional nephritogenic potential of anti-dsDNA and anti-NuA, may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of the anti-GBM disease in LN. Therefore, in addition to routine anti-GBM assay, anti-dsDNA and anti-NuA measurements should be performed early to ensure a prompt diagnosis and immediate treatment in patients with anti-GBM-mediated disease.

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The paper reports the determination of tetrandrine by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A C18 column was used and the mobile phase was methanol-water(80:20) containing 0.03% triethylamine, detective wave was at 282 nm, the internal standard was diazepam, the sample was extracted with ether. The linear range was from 0.289 microgram.ml-1 to 4.618 micrograms.ml-1, the average recovery rate was 95.8%. The coefficients of variation of within-day and day-to-day were less than 5%. This method is simple, rapid and accurate. It can be used in biomedical sample analysis of tetrandrine.

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OBJECTIVE: To establish the quality standards for fuyanke(FYK) granule. METHODS: The phellodendron Chinese schneid, polygonum cuspidatum, sieb. et Zucc and glycyrrihza uralensis fisch in FYK granule were identified by thin-layer chromatography(TLC). The contents of berberine were determined by thin-layer chromatographic scanning(TLCs). RESULTS: The average recovery rate was 97.86%, and the relative standard deviation 1.96%. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, accurate and reliable.

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Artenibenzoate is a new schistosomacide. This paper reports the pharmacokinetics of artenibenzoate in rats after oral administration. The concentrations in biological samples were detected by spectrophotometry. The concentration-time curve of the drug in plasma showed a double-peak after 150, 300 and 600 mg.kg-1 ig. Artenibenzoate absorption was fast and peak plasma level was found 1 h after administration. Then, the drug level declined to the lowest in 8 h. A second absorption peak appeared in 12 h. Two hours after oral administration to normal rats, the highest level of artenibenzoate was present in the stomach wall, while appreciable level was found in testicle, liver, spleen, heart, kidney and lung. Artenibenzoate in fat and intestine was lower, almost no drug was detected in brain and muscle. Six hours after oral administration, the drug concentration in various tissues decreased rapidly, but that in testicle, heart, kidney and fat decreased slowly. Urinary excretion was an important route of excretion. Artenibenzoate excreted in urine was about 45.6% of the administered dosage and that in feces 24.8% within a 48 hours period. The excreted amount in bile was 0.54% within 36 hours. Plasma protein binding of artenibenzoate was about 70%. Major unchanged artenibenzoate was detected in the extract from plasma, major reduced-arteannuin from feces, and both unchanged artenibenzoate and reduced-arteannuin from urine after oral administration in rats.

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The present paper made a brief introduction to the two current major species concepts and the various types of "species" existent in nature. The author emphatically pointed out that in any case species are heterogeneous instead of homogeneous. Thus pharmacognostists should not be content with mere identification of the scientific names of plants, but are obligated to find out the intraspecific variations associated with pharmacognostic identification and to bring to light the regularities of formation, accumulation and dynamic changes of secondary metabolic products for medical use.

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