RESUMEN
Developing non-precious-metal electrocatalysts that can operate with a low overpotential at a high current density for industrial application is challenging. Heterogeneous bimetallic phosphides have attracted much interest. Despite high hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance, the ordinary oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance hinders their practical use. Herein, it is shown that Fe-doping reverses and enlarges the interfacial electrical field at the heterojunction, turning the H intermediate favorable binding sites for HER into O intermediate favorable sites for OER. Specifically, the self-supported heterojunction catalysts on nickel foam (CoP@Ni2P/NF and Fe-CoP@Fe-Ni2P/NF) are readily synthesized. They only require the overpotentials of 266 and 274 mV to drive a large current density of 1000 mA cm-2 (j1000) for HER and OER, respectively. Furthermore, a water splitting cell equipped with these electrodes only requires a voltage of 1.724 V to drive j1000 with excellent durability, demonstrating the potential of industrial application. This work offers new insights on interfacial engineering for heterojunction catalysts.
RESUMEN
"Warburg Effect" shows that most tumor cells rely on aerobic glycolysis for energy supply, leading to malignant energy deprivation and an "internal alkaline external acid" tumor microenvironment. Destructing the "Warburg Effect" is an effective approach to inhibit tumor progression. Herein, an acidity-responsive nanoreactor (Au@CaP-Flu@HA) is fabricated for toxic acidosis and starvation synergistic therapy. In the nanoreactor, the fluvastatin (Flu) could reduce lactate efflux by inhibiting the lactate-proton transporter (monocarboxylate transporters, MCT4), resulting in intracellular lactate accumulation. Meanwhile, the glucose oxidase-mimic Au-nanocomposite consumes glucose to induce cell starvation accompanied by gluconic acid production, coupling with lactate to exacerbate toxic acidosis. Also, the up-regulated autophagic energy supply of tumor cells under energy deprivation and hypoxia aggravation is blocked by autophagy inhibitor CaP. Cellular dysfunction under pHi acidification and impaired Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) synthesis under starvation synergistically promote tumor cell apoptosis. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that this combinational approach of toxic-acidosis/starvation therapy could effectively destruct the "Warburg Effect" to inhibit tumor growth and anti-metastatic effects.