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Air Potato Yam is widely used in the treatment of many conditions such as cancer, inflammation, and goiter. Diosbulbin B (DIOB) is the primary active component of Air Potato Yam, and it exhibits anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties. The main purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism by which DIOB induces lung toxicity, using metabonomics and molecular biology techniques. The results showed that the lung toxicity induced by DIOB may occur because of a DIOB-induced increase in the plasma levels of long-chain free fatty acids and endogenous metabolites related to inflammation. In addition, treatment with DIOB increases the expression of the cyp3a13 enzyme, which leads to enhanced toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The molecular mechanism underlying toxicity in mouse lung cells is the DIOB-mediated inhibition of fatty acid ß-oxidation, partial glycolysis, and the TCA cycle, but DIOB treatment can also compensate for the low Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply levels by improving the efficiency of the last step of the glycolysis reaction and by increasing the rate of anaerobic glycolysis. Using metabonomics and other methods, we identified the toxic effects of DIOB on the lung and clarified the underlying molecular mechanism.
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Diosbulbin B (DIOB) is an effective component of air potato yam with antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities, and it is the main toxic component leading to hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanism of its hepatotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to systematically elucidate the molecular action of DIOB on liver metabolic function through systems toxicology approaches. C57BL/6 mice were orally treated with DIOB (10, 30, 60 mg/kg) for 28 days, and the liver metabonomics and histopathology, molecular docking, mRNA expression levels, and activities of enzymes were analyzed. The results illustrated that DIOB could affect fatty acid and glucose metabolism, block the TCA cycle, and DIOB also could disorder bile acid synthesis and transport and promote the occurrence of hyperbilirubinemia. In addition, DIOB increased Cyp3a11 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, these results provide new insights into the mechanism of hepatotoxicity caused by DIOB.
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Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Compuestos Heterocíclicos de 4 o más Anillos/toxicidad , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Adenosina Trifosfatasas/metabolismo , Animales , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/genética , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/patología , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/genética , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Metabolómica , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Mitocondrias Hepáticas/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Biología de Sistemas , ToxicologíaRESUMEN
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a representative environmental endocrine disrupting chemical that is widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Many studies have confirmed BPA to be closely associated with metabolic diseases, reproductive system diseases, and sex hormone-dependent cancers. In this study, we aimed to systematically elucidate the molecular action of BPA on liver fatty acid and glucose metabolism and the reasons for BPA-induced hypoglycemia through a metabonomics approach. C57BL/6 mice were orally treated with BPA (1, 10, 50, 250⯵g/kg) for 35â¯days and the liver metabonomics and histopathology, molecular docking, mRNA expression levels and activities of enzymes were analyzed. Based on the high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) for metabonomics and on various software and bioinformatic analysis methods, we found that BPA could affect fatty acid and glucose metabolism, block the TCA cycle, and BPA also regulated the nuclear receptor LXR caused hypoglycemia, thereby affecting the normal metabolic functions of the liver.
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Metabolómica , Animales , Compuestos de Bencidrilo , Disruptores Endocrinos , Glucosa , Hígado , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , FenolesRESUMEN
As the main toxic component of aristolochic acid, aristolochic acid I (AAI) is primarily found in Aristolochiaceae plants such as Aristolochia, Aristolochia fangchi and Caulis aristolochiae manshuriensis. AAI has been proven to be carcinogenic, mutagenic and nephrotoxic. Although the role of AAI in testicular toxicity has been reported, its mechanism of action is unknown. Using metabonomics and molecular biology techniques, we tried to identify the differential endogenous metabolites of AAI that may affect the changes in testicular function in mice, map the network of metabolic pathways, and systematically reveal the molecular mechanism of AAI-induced testicular toxicity. We found that AAI inhibited amino acid metabolism in mouse testicular cells, impeded the uptake and oxidative decomposition of fatty acids, prevented normal glucose uptake by testicular cells, which inhibited glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, affected the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which impaired the ATP energy supply, decreased the number of spermatogenic cells and sperm in the testes, induced changes in the mitochondrial state of spermatogonial cells, and ultimately led to physiological and pathological changes in the testes. AAI also regulated the testicular physiological activity by regulating the androgen receptor and hormone levels. This study used metabonomics and other methods to elucidate the mechanism of AAI-induced testicular toxicity from a new angle.
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Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Ácidos Aristolóquicos/toxicidad , Cromatografía Liquida , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Metabolómica/métodos , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Testículo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Ácidos Aristolóquicos/metabolismo , Ciclo del Ácido Cítrico/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/patología , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Oxidación-Reducción , Unión Proteica , Receptores Androgénicos/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Androgénicos/metabolismo , Espermatogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Espermatogonias/efectos de los fármacos , Espermatogonias/metabolismo , Espermatogonias/patología , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/patologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Despite high population immunity, pertussis remains one of the leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to pertussis toxin (PT) and diphtheria among the adult male population leaving or entering China. METHODOLOGY: Blood samples were obtained from 240 Chinese and 207 African healthy adults that were leaving and entering China, respectively. Serum IgG antibodies against PT (anti-PT IgG) and diphtheria were determined. RESULTS: The mean concentration of anti-PT IgG antibodies was 13.82 IU/mL and 18.11 IU/mL for the leaving and entering populations, respectively. None of the studied Chinese leaving China were seropositive for pertussis. Of the 240 subjects leaving China, 209 (87.1%) had anti-diphtheria antibody concentrations of ≥ 0.1 IU/mL and 31 (12.9%) had antibody concentrations between 0.01 and 0.099 IU/mL. Eleven (5.31%) of the studied Africans entering China had anti-PT IgG antibodies higher than 30 IU/mL and thus were considered seropositive for pertussis. Of the 207 Africans entering China, antibody concentrations of ≥ 0.1 IU/mL were found in 164 subjects (79.2%) while 43 (20.8%) had antibody concentrations between 0.01 and 0.099 IU/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Almost all Chinese adult men leaving China and most African men entering China have very low serum antibody levels of pertussis. Furthermore, the antibody level of diphtheria among these two populations was low among adults. A larger population study is needed to determine whether booster vaccinations against pertussis and diphtheria should be considered for adults in China and also for Africans entering China.
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Difteria/epidemiología , Enfermedad Relacionada con los Viajes , Tos Ferina/epidemiología , Adulto , África/etnología , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Pueblo Asiatico , China , Estudios Transversales , Difteria/etnología , Difteria/inmunología , Empleo , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Toxina del Pertussis/sangre , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Tos Ferina/etnología , Tos Ferina/inmunología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can cause severe environmental pollution. Effects of DEHP on cardiac metabolism have been reported, but its mechanism(s) of action is not fully clear. Here, we used high-resolution mass spectrometry for metabonomics and molecular biological methods to identify the different endogenous metabolites affected by DEHP that might cause changes in cardiac metabolism in mice, map the network of metabolic pathways, and reveal (at the molecular level) how DEHP affects cardiac metabolism. The results showed that DEHP could inhibit the ß-oxidation of fatty acids and gluconeogenesis, promote glycolysis, and inhibit the tricarboxylic acid cycle in cardiomyocytes. DEHP caused mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting the synthesis and transport of fatty acids and, thus, inhibiting the synthesis and breakdown of adenosine triphosphate in mitochondria. Pathology revealed that DEHP could change the normal structures and functions of the heart and bodies of mice. DEHP can interfere with the physiological and metabolic function of the heart in mice by disrupting the endogenous metabolite and gene levels.
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Dietilhexil Ftalato/toxicidad , Corazón/efectos de los fármacos , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Metabolómica , Miocardio/metabolismo , Animales , ATPasa de Ca(2+) y Mg(2+)/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Análisis por Conglomerados , Dietilhexil Ftalato/análogos & derivados , Análisis Discriminante , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Contaminantes Ambientales/química , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Miocardio/patología , Análisis de Componente Principal , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/metabolismoRESUMEN
Ixodes persulcatus is a species of hard tick which is a predominant tick species that spreads a wide array of serious human and animal pathogens. Here, we first assemble the complete mitogenome of I. persulcatus of China. The total length of the mitogenome was 14,539 bp included 36 genes and with a mitogenome structure similar to other ticks. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the complete mitogenome of I. persulcatus and closely related 19 species ticks to assess their phylogenic relationship and evolution. We also analyze the differences between the mitogenomes of I. persulcatus of Japan and China. The complete mitogenome data would be useful for further study of I. persulcatus.
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To describe the prevalence of Rickettsia in ticks at the Sino-Russian and Sino-Mongolian borders, a total of 292 ticks were collected and tested by conventional PCR assays. The prevalence of Rickettsia was 53.4%, and phylogenetic analysis showed that they belonged to R. raoultii species after alignment for the ompA, ompB, and gltA genes, respectively. Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected for 14%, and no Ehrlichia, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Babesia species were found. Co-infection of two pathogens was 9.9%, and no co-infection with three or more pathogens was found. This study suggested Rickettsia was the most common pathogen in the ticks and co-infection was found. The findings might be helpful to provide advice on the prevention and control of tick-borne disease potential for tourists and residents.
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Infecciones por Rickettsia/epidemiología , Rickettsia/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/epidemiología , Garrapatas/microbiología , Animales , Babesia/genética , Babesia/aislamiento & purificación , Secuencia de Bases , Borrelia burgdorferi/genética , Borrelia burgdorferi/aislamiento & purificación , China/epidemiología , Coinfección , Ehrlichia/genética , Ehrlichia/aislamiento & purificación , Geografía , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Rickettsia/genética , Infecciones por Rickettsia/microbiología , Federación de Rusia/epidemiología , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Enfermedades por Picaduras de Garrapatas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the infection status of Leptospira in rodents on Heixiazi island Heilongjiang province in 2011. METHODS: A total of 356 rodents were captured by night trap on the Heixiazi island from April to October 2011. The kidney tissue samples were collected by asepsis operation and the genomic DNA were extracted from them. Leptospira strains were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) amplification of the 482 bp 23 S rDNA gene. Fifteen PCR products selected by the month were purified and sequenced by the methods of Sanger dideoxy, the sequences then compared with other Leptospira strains in Genebank, and phylogenetic analyses were drafted by software Mega 4.0. RESULTS: Among 356 rodents, the dominant species were Clethrionomys rutilus (39.3%, 140/356) and Apodemus agrarius (36.0%, 128/356). The infection rate of Leptospira was 11.0%, with 39 rodent samples detected positive. All the rodent species were infected except for Rattus norvegicus. The infection rate was 9.4% (12/128) in Apodemus agrarius, 12.9%(18/140) in Clethrionomys rutilus, 10.8%(7/65) in Microtus fortis Buchner. No significant difference was found between the infection rate and the species of rodents by chi square test(χ(2) = 1.92, P > 0.05). Among months, the infection rate was 5.6% (4/72) in May, 8.8% (5/57) in June, 12.8% (5/39) in July, 9.8% (5/51) in August, 33.3% (11/33) in September, 22.5% (9/40) in October,but no infection in April. There was significant difference in infection in different months (χ(2) = 32.92, P < 0.05). All the Leptospira in rodents on the Heixiazi island were in the same phylogenetic branch with a high similarity of 97.1%-99.6%, close with the Australia strain U90865 by the similarity above 96.3%. CONCLUSION: Leptospira is probably prevalent in rodents on the Heixiazi island, and the phylogene of the strains were similar. The infection rate in rodents was significantly different in months but not in hosts.
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Leptospira/aislamiento & purificación , Leptospirosis/prevención & control , Murinae/microbiología , Animales , China , Filogenia , RatasRESUMEN
A total of 110 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were used to optimize pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for subtyping of K. pneumoniae. For optimization of electrophoresis parameters (EPs) of XbaI-PFGE, 11 isolates were analyzed with XbaI digestion using three EPs. The EP of a switch time of 6 to 36 s for 18.5 h gave clearest patterns and was declared the optimal EP for XbaI PFGE of K. pneumoniae. By software analysis and pilot study, AvrII was chosen as another PFGE enzyme. Both XbaI- and AvrII-PFGE gave D-values higher than 0.99 for 69 K. pneumoniae isolated from different sources. Our results also showed good typeability, reproducibility of both XbaI- and AvrII-PFGE for K. pneumoniae subtyping. Furthermore, the established PFGE method also had good discriminatory power to distinguish outbreak K. pneumoniae strains and a high degree of consistency with multilocus sequence typing method. A rapid PFGE protocol was established here, which could be used for genotyping and other researches of K. pneumoniae.
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Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana/métodos , Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado/métodos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/clasificación , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Bacteriano/metabolismo , Desoxirribonucleasas de Localización Especificada Tipo II/metabolismo , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genéticaRESUMEN
Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica bacilli that live in the larvae of a parasitic fly were recently isolated and are speculated to be the cause of fulminant sepsis. Here we report and analyze the complete genome sequence of Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica strain SH04. No complete genome sequence of a Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica isolate has been documented previously.
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Amur virus was recently identified as the causative agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Here we report the complete genome sequence of an Amur virus isolated from Apodemus peninsulae in Northeastern China. The sequence information provided here is critical for the molecular epidemiology and evolution of Amur virus in China.
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Genoma Viral , Virus Hantaan/genética , Murinae/virología , Animales , China , Evolución Molecular , Datos de Secuencia MolecularRESUMEN
Seoul virus (SEOV) is responsible for 25% of cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Asia. Here we report the complete genome of strain DPRK08. The sequence information provided here is useful for understanding the molecular character of SEOV in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the circulation of SEOV in East Asia.
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Genoma Viral , Virus Seoul/genética , Animales , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Ratas , República de CoreaRESUMEN
A real-time PCR method aimed at the gene sequence of the walnut vicilin-like seed storage protein was established for the detection of the allergen walnut in food. The primers and probe were designed based on published methods. The method provided positive results for walnut and negative results for other tested agricultural plant materials including pecan. The intrinsic detection limit of the method was 0.00125 ng of walnut DNA, and the practical detection limit was 0.001% (wt/wt) walnut content in wheat; both of these values are lower than that of previously published methods. Therefore, this real-time PCR method is sufficiently specific and sensitive for the detection of walnut component in food.
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Alérgenos/aislamiento & purificación , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Juglans , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Proteínas de Almacenamiento de Semillas/genética , Alérgenos/inmunología , Seguridad de Productos para el Consumidor , Cartilla de ADN , Sondas de ADN , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos , Humanos , Juglans/genética , Juglans/inmunología , Proteínas de Almacenamiento de Semillas/inmunología , Proteínas de Almacenamiento de Semillas/aislamiento & purificación , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
A real-time qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction method (cer-194) using the fluorescence dye EvaGreen and aimed at the cytochrome b sequence was established for detection of cervidae DNA in feedstuff. Eight meat meal samples derived from deer, bovine, ovine, camel, pig, rabbit, fish, and chicken and 17 cervidae hair samples covering 2 subfamilies, 4 genera, and 7 species were tested to prove the specificity of the cer-194 system and its universality within the cervidae family. Detection limit of 0.1% deer meat in fish meal, blood powder, and feather powder matrixes was confirmed.
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ADN/análisis , Ciervos/genética , Análisis de los Alimentos , Contaminación de Alimentos , Carne/normas , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Pollos , Citocromos b/genética , Cartilla de ADN , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Alineación de Secuencia , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia/métodosRESUMEN
In the laboratory, the percentage mortality and pupation of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were investigated when larvae were exposed to Cry1Ac of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, nuclear polyhedrosis virus of H. armigera (HaNPV) or Cry1Ac and HaNPV together. The results revealed that interactions between Cry1Ac and HaNPV varied with bioassay method and concentration of the suspension. When larvae were infected using a suspension containing both HaNPV and Cry1Ac, most combinations of Cry1Ac (62.5, 125 and 250 microg mL(-1)) and HaNPV (1.2 x 10(6), 6.0 x 10(6) and 3.0 x 10(7) PIB mL(-1)) showed an antagonistic effect. In the bioassay procedure where larvae were force fed diet containing Cry1Ac 48 h after being infected by HaNPV, interaction between Cry1Ac (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 microg mL(-1)) and HaNPV (6.0 x 10(6) and 3.0 x 10(7) PIB mL(-1)) showed an additive effect, while combinations of Cry1Ac (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 microg mL(-1)) and HaNPV (1.2 x 10(6) PIB mL(-1)) showed an antagonistic effect. In the bioassay procedure where larvae being infected by HaNPV were fed on Cry1Ac diet from neonate to death or pupation, the results suggested that Cry1Ac and HaNPV showed an additive interaction. The percentage mortality was lower in the treatment of larvae infected by transgenic Bt cotton leaf discs containing HaNPV suspension than in the treatment of larvae by conventional cotton leaf discs containing HaNPV, while the pupation rate was higher. The combination of Bt cotton and HaNPV showed antagonism. The present results showed that a combination of Cry1Ac and HaNPV usually resulted in mortality levels greater than in the case of Cry1Ac but not greater than with the virus alone.
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Proteínas Bacterianas , Toxinas Bacterianas , Endotoxinas , Larva , Mariposas Nocturnas , Nucleopoliedrovirus , Animales , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Gossypium/parasitología , Proteínas Hemolisinas , Larva/virología , Estadios del Ciclo de Vida , Mariposas Nocturnas/virologíaRESUMEN
Roundup-Ready soybeans have been genetically modified to resist the effects of the herbicidal glyphosate and have become the most prevalent transgenic crop in the world. In this work, Roundup-Ready soybeans were used as raw material to study the effects of critical processing procedures such as grinding, cooking, blending, homogenization, sterilization, and spray-drying on the length of DNA fragments of an endogenous gene (lectin) and an exogenous gene (epsps) examined in material from three soybean foods of bean curd, soy milk, and soy powder and from samples taken during their processing. The results showed that various processing procedures caused degradations of both the endogenous and exogenous genes to different degrees. In the grinding procedure, endogenous gene DNA was degraded from 1883 to approximately 836 bp, and exogenous gene DNA was degraded from 1512 to approximately 408 bp. In the blending and squeeze-molding procedures, exogenous gene DNA was also degraded from about 408 to 190 bp, but there was no obvious action on the endogenous gene. After the endogenous and exogenous genes had been degraded to some degree, such as 836 and 408 bp, respectively, they were not evidently affected by cooking procedure at 100 degrees C for 15 min. However, the endogenous gene was further considerably degraded from around 836 to 162 bp in the sterilization procedure at 121 degrees C for 30 s. The effect of the homogenization step on endogenous and exogenous genes was similar to that of the cooking procedure. The coagulation procedure, principally a biochemical reaction, did not greatly affect the exogenous gene but did affect endogenous gene, reducing DNA size from about 836 to 407 bp. Furthermore, the spray-drying procedure, a process of physical shearing, high temperature, and sudden high pressure, distinctly caused degradation of both the lectin and epsps genes, rapidly decreasing the sizes from about 836 to 162 bp for the endogenous gene and from about 408 to 190 bp for the exogenous gene.
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Manipulación de Alimentos , Glycine max/genética , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Herbicidas , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , 3-Fosfoshikimato 1-Carboxiviniltransferasa/genética , ADN de Plantas/genética , ADN de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Lectinas/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , GlifosatoRESUMEN
A sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on amplification of a specific DNA fragment was established for the identification of camel (Camelus) materials. The species-specific primer pair L183/H372 was designed based on the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and its specificity was confirmed by amplification of 3 camel (domestic double-humped camel, wild double-humped camel, wild one-humped camel) samples and 11 non-Camelus animal (sheep, goat, pig, chicken, cattle, fish, dog, horse, donkey, deer, and rabbit) materials. An expected 208 base pair fragment was amplified from camel materials; no cross-reactive or additional fragments were generated from other animal materials. Taq I restriction endonuclease digestion of the unpurified PCR product can be used routinely to confirm the camel origin of the amplified sequence.
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Camelus/clasificación , Camelus/genética , Citocromos b/genética , Análisis de los Alimentos/métodos , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Animales , Bovinos , ADN/clasificación , Cartilla de ADN , Perros , Conejos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
A PCR assay for detection and identification of bovine--derived materials in import animal feeds and food is developed. A 271 bp sequence from bovine specific mitochondrial DNA is amplified. The amplified specific sequence of the bovine mtDNA from meat and feed samples is demonstrated by both direct sequencing and restriction endonuclease digestion yield analysis. This method can detect bovine mtDNA in those less than 0.125% of bovine meat. Owing that this method is specific, rapid and sensitive, it can be utilized as a routine control assay in prevention of spreading of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in China caused by imported food and animal feeds especially meat and bone meals.