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BACKGROUND: Socio-economic inequalities among different racial/ethnic groups have increased in many high-income countries. It is unclear, however, whether increasing socio-economic inequalities are associated with increasing differences in survival in liver transplant (LT) recipients. METHODS: Adults undergoing first time LT for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) between 2002 and 2017 recorded in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) were included and grouped into three cohorts. Patient survival and graft survival stratified by race/ethnicity were compared among the cohorts using unadjusted and adjusted analyses. RESULTS: White/Caucasians comprised the largest group (n=9,006, 64.9%), followed by Hispanic/Latinos (n=2,018, 14.5%), Black/African Americans (n=1,379, 9.9%), Asians (n=1,265, 9.1%) and other ethnic/racial groups (n=188, 1.3%). Compared to Cohort I (2002-2007), the 5-year survival of Cohort III (2012-2017) increased by 18% for Black/African Americans, by 13% for Whites/Caucasians, by 10% for Hispanic/Latinos, by 9% for patients of other racial/ethnic groups and by 8% for Asians (All P values<0.05). Despite Black/African Americans experienced the highest survival improvement, their overall outcomes remained significantly lower than other ethnic∕racial groups (adjusted HR for death=1.20; 95%CI 1.05-1.36; P=0.005; adjusted HR for graft loss=1.21; 95%CI 1.08-1.37; P=0.002). CONCLUSION: The survival gap between Black/African Americans and other ethnic/racial groups undergoing LT for HCC has significantly decreased over time. However, Black/African Americans continue to have the lowest survival among all racial/ethnic groups.

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ObjectivesTo explore effective prevention and control measures for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in large international events through simulations of different interventions according to risk assessment. MethodsWe used random model to calculate the number of initial infected patients. And Poisson distribution was used to determine the number of initial infected patients based on the number of countries involved. Further, to simulate the COVID-19 transmission, the susceptible-exposed-symptomatic-asymptomatic-recovered-hospitalized (SEIARH) model was established based on susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) mathematical model of epidemic diseases. According to risk assessment indicators produced by different scenarios of the simulated interventions, the risk of COVID-19 transmission in Tokyo Olympic Games was assessed. ResultsThe large-scale vaccination will effectively control the spread of COVID-19. If the effective rate of vaccine is 100%, and the vaccination rate of athletes reaches 80%, an epidemic prevention barrier can be established. ConclusionsThe current COVID-19 prevention measures proposed by the Japan Olympic Committee were needed to be enhanced. For the vaccination intervention had the best control effect, a mass vaccination serves was an effective way to control COVID-19.

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BackgroundThe initial outbreak of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in China in 2019 has been severely tested in other countries worldwide. We aimed to describe the spatial distribution of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide and assess the effects of various socio-ecological factors on COVID-19 risk. MethodsWe collected COVID-19 pandemic infection data and social-ecological data of 178 countries/regions worldwide from three database. We used spatial econometrics method to assess the global and local correlation of COVID-19 risk indicators for COVID-19. To estimate the adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR), we modelled negative binomial regression analysis with spatial information and socio-ecological factors. FindingsThe study indicated that 37, 29 and 39 countries/regions were strongly opposite from the IR, CMR and DCI index "spatial autocorrelation hypothesis", respectively. The IRs were significantly positively associated with GDP per capita, the use of at least basic sanitation services and social insurance program coverage, and were significantly negatively associated with the proportion of the population spending more than 25% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenses and the poverty headcount ratio at the national poverty lines. The CMR was significantly positively associated with urban populations, GDP per capita and current health expenditure, and was significantly negatively associated with the number of hospital beds, number of nurses and midwives, and poverty headcount ratio at the national poverty lines. The DCI was significantly positively associated with urban populations, population density and researchers in R&D, and was significantly negatively associated with the number of hospital beds, number of nurses and midwives and poverty headcount ratio at the national poverty lines. We also found that climatic factors were not significantly associated with COVID-19 risk. ConclusionCountries/regions should pay more attention to controlling population flow, improving diagnosis and treatment capacity, and improving public welfare policies.

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Objective To investigate the prevalence status of overweight and obesity among the middle‐aged and elderly pop‐ulations in southwest area and their influence factors .Methods By adopting the stratified cluster sampling method ,the mode of the questionnaire investigation combined with the physical examination was adopted to collect the effective data in 7 205 permanent resi‐dents aged 40-79 years old in cities and countries of Chongqing and Chengdu ,including the contents of age ,waistline ,hipline ,dias‐tolic blood pressure ,heart rate ,postprandial blood sugar ,triglyceride ,exercise frequency ,uric acid ,etc .The prevalence rates of over‐weight and obesity among the middle‐aged and elderly populations in southwest area and their distribution characteristics in cities and countries ,and in male and female populations were described .The related influence factors of overweight and obesity were in‐vestigatedResults The prevalence rate of overweight was 35 .91% among the middle‐aged and elderly populations in southwest area (37 .02% for cities ,32 .92% for countries ,33 .84% for males and 37 .41% for females);the prevalence rate of obesity was 11 .40%(11 .13% for cities ,11 .40% for countries ,8 .94% for males and 12 .84% for females);among them ,the overweight rate in cities was higher than that in countries ,the overweight rate in females was higher than that in males .The obesity rate in females was higher than that in males(P0 .05) .The multivariate re‐gression analysis showed that lack of exercise ,overweight or obesity family history were the risk factors of male overweight and o‐besity ,while the difference between cities and countries ,lack of exercise were the risk factors of female overweight and obesity .Con‐clusion The overweight and obesity rates among the middle‐aged and elderly populations in southwest area are high ,the body mass in nearly half of people exceeds the normal standard .Strengthening the overweight and obesity related health education in communi‐ties and restraining the serious trend of overweight in the population of this area have an important significance for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases .

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Meniere's disease (MD), a kind of common disease of otology, is based on the endolymphatic hydrops. The clinical features of MD are intermittent episodes of vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus and ear fullness. With the in-depth exploration of the disease, the diagnosis and treatment of MD has made a series of research results. In this paper, the related literature and research reports in recent years were reviewed.

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0.05).After 30 minutes treatment,93% patients in labetalol group reached goal blood pressure(0.05).However,tachycardia was significantly(P