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This study simulated the generation and evolution of saltwater turbulence within a water tank. By pouring fresh water over saltwater in the tank, a layer of saline water with a fixed gradient was created. Convective turbulence was then formed by heating the bottom of the tank. The temperatures at different heights were measured using eight thermocouples; thus, the average temperatures and temperature fluctuations at different heights were calculated. The salinity profile was obtained by moving a conductivity probe up and down to measure the conductivity. Two-dimensional light intensity grayscale images were recorded after transmitting a collimated laser beam through the water tank, after which the normalized variance and power spectra of the light intensity fluctuations at different heights were calculated. The results showed that the saltwater in the tank could be divided by height into two layers, namely, the mixed layer and entrainment zone, according to the profiles of the average temperature and average salinity under the experimental conditions. Different portions of the images showed different characteristics. The part corresponding to the saltwater mixed layer was similar to that corresponding to the mixed layer in the fresh water experiment. However, a two-peak structure was observed in the curve of the normalized light intensity spectrum calculated from the grayscale values in the part corresponding to the bottom of the entrainment zone, whereas a two-peak structure was not found in the light intensity fluctuation spectrum corresponding to the mixed layer. According to the refractive index fluctuation spectrum model, one peak was due to temperature fluctuations, and the other peak was due to salinity fluctuations. It can be concluded that the salinity contribution to the refractive index fluctuation in the entrainment zone was larger than that in the mixed layer. Moreover, spectral analysis showed that in the saltwater, the inner scale of turbulent temperature fluctuation was approximately 1.9 mm, while the inner scale of turbulent salinity fluctuation was approximately 0.1 mm. These findings will be helpful for us to understand the microstructural characteristics of seawater turbulence and guide the implementation of optical transmission experiments in seawater.
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Objective To explore the relationships among post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD),gratitude and posttraumatic growth (PTG) for terminal cancer patients.Methods Totally 119 advanced cancer patients were investigated with the self-demographic questionnaire,posttraumatic growth inventory (PTGI),the PTSD cheeklist-civilian version (PCL-C) and the Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6).Results For terminal cancer patients,the total score of PCL-C was 34.02±12.49.The scores on re-experience,avoidance/numbness,hypervigilance were 9.79±3.78,13.85±5.68,10.36±3.80.The total score of gratitude was 29.37±7.48.The total score of PTG was 51.34± 13.57.The scores of life appreciation,personal relationship and self-strength were 8.00± 2.99,21.18± 5.84,22.16± 6.10.The total scores of PTG were significantly statistical significance among different PTSD groups(F=16.267,P＜0.01)and gratitude groups(F=43.674,P＜0.0 1).The total scores of PCL-C (r=-0.694,P＜0.01),re-experience (r=-0.664,P＜0.01),avoidance/numbness (r=-0.671,P＜0.01),hypervigilance (r=0.753,P＜0.01) and gratitude(r=-0.611,P＜0.01) were all correlated with PTG.The total score of PCL-C and gratitude could explain 66.6％ variation of PTG.For the relationship between PTSD and PTG,the moderation effect of gratitude was not significant (P ＞0.05).Conclusion The gratitude and PTSD were important influence factors for terminal cancer patients' PTG,while the moderation effect of gratitude was not significant,so in clinical intervention we should pay more attentions to the actual effects of gratitude,and we should not pursuit gratitude education blindly.
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ⅳ Hydroxyl scavenger, mannitol, in the dosage of 1.1mol/L 2g/kg and 3g/kg could increase LD_(100) of ouabain on guineapigs from 298.54?33.30 ?g/kg to 367.44?44.58 ?g/kg (P
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Recently, it had been demonstrated that some free radical scavengers, reduced glutathion ( GSH ) , Ascorbic acid(AA), the purified aponin Rg1andRb1 of Panax notoginseng, Sodium selenate
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The models of Cardiacglycoside-induced cardiotoxicity in guinea pigs were made by perfusing isolated heart with Langendorff appa- ratus. The free radicals generation in myocardium following the incidence of ventricular premative beat, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation were measured respectively by the directed measurement with Electron Spin Resonance ( ESR ) techniques. The results showed the more severe toxicosis, the more much free radicals generate. Free radicals generated significantly in ventricular fibrillation and were scavenged by Superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and sodium selenate.