RESUMEN
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is abnormally activated in lung cancer. However, the anti-lung cancer effect of mTOR inhibitors as monotherapy is modest. Here, we identified that ginsenoside Rh2, an active component of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., enhanced the anti-cancer effect of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, ginsenoside Rh2 alleviated the hepatic fat accumulation caused by everolimus in xenograft nude mice models. The combination of everolimus and ginsenoside Rh2 (labeled Eve-Rh2) induced caspase-independent cell death and cytoplasmic vacuolation in lung cancer cells, indicating that Eve-Rh2 prevented tumor progression by triggering paraptosis. Eve-Rh2 up-regulated the expression of c-MYC in cancer cells as well as tumor tissues. The increased c-MYC mediated the accumulation of tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3)/P62+ aggresomes and consequently triggered paraptosis, bypassing the classical c-MYC/MAX pathway. Our study offers a potential effective and safe strategy for the treatment of lung cancer. Moreover, we have identified a new mechanism of TRIB3/P62+ aggresomes-triggered paraptosis and revealed a unique function of c-MYC.
RESUMEN
The aim of this review is to summarize the advances in studies on Persicae Semen, a Chinese herbal medicine, in the fields of nature and flavor, preparation, quality control, chemical composition, pharmacology, and toxicology. Persicae Semen and its extracts present various pharmacological activities, such as cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, immunoregulation, antitumor effects and hepatic and renal protection. Though amygdalin, one of the main components in Persicae Semen, had been well studied, the activities and mechanisms of other potential active ingredients should also be more concerned.
RESUMEN
This study investigated the role of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in the beneficial effects of andrographolide on vascular reactivity in endotoxaemic rats. After being challenged by lipopolysaccharide (4 mg/kg intraperitoneally), the rats were treated with andrographolide (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally). The response to phenylephrine of aortic rings with or without PVAT was recorded. Vascular relaxing effect of PVAT was determined by bioassay experiments. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in aortic PVAT was tested by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Lipopolysaccharide injection lowered the contraction force induced by phenylephrine in aortic rings with or without PVAT and andrographolide treatment reversed these effects. In bioassay experiments, transferring bathing solution incubated with a PVAT+ ring to a PVAT- ring induced relaxation in the recipient. This relaxing effect of PVAT from endotoxaemic rats was more potent than the rats treated with vehicles. Andrographolide treatment decreased the relaxing effect of PVAT in endotoxaemic rats. The levels of iNOS protein and messenger RNA in PVAT were significantly higher in endotoxaemic rats than in the rats treated with vehicles. Andrographolide treatment decreased PVAT iNOS protein and messenger RNA levels in endotoxaemic rats. Our results suggest that andrographolide restores vascular reactivity in endotoxaemic rats by downregulation of iNOS in PVAT.