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AIMS: To examine insulin pump and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use with pregnancy-related outcomes in women with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: We abstracted medical records of 646 pregnancies in 478 women with type 1 diabetes, with information on insulin pump versus multiple daily injection (MDI) use and CGM use. We analyzed the associations of pump vs. MDI use, CGM use vs. non-use and pregnancy-related outcomes using mixed effect models. RESULTS: Pump use was associated with lower HbA1c levels in the first [ß (95% CI) = -0.33 (-0.51, -0.15) %] and second trimester [ß (95% CI) = -0.13 (-0.24, -0.02) %], increased birth weight [ß (95% CI) = 0.14 (0.02, 0.26) kg], birth weight percentile [ß (95% CI) = 4.87 (0.49, 9.26) %], higher odds of large for gestational age [OR (95% CI) = 1.65 (1.06, 2.58)] and macrosomia [OR (95% CI) = 1.81 (1.03, 3.18)]. CGM use was associated with lower first [ß (95% CI) = -0.38 (-0.64, -0.13) %] and third trimester [ß (95% CI) = -0.17 (-0.33, -0.00) %] HbA1c levels. CONCLUSIONS: Women with type 1 diabetes who used pump or CGM had better glycemic control during pregnancy; however, pump use was associated with higher birth weight measures.

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Quality Improvement Success Stories are published by the American Diabetes Association in collaboration with the American College of Physicians and the National Diabetes Education Program. This series is intended to highlight best practices and strategies from programs and clinics that have successfully improved the quality of care for people with diabetes or related conditions. Each article in the series is reviewed and follows a standard format developed by the editors of Clinical Diabetes. The following article describes an initiative to increase rates of diabetes screening in a large multisite academic health system in the greater Ann Arbor, MI, area.

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Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is being used with increasing frequency as an adjunct to self-monitoring of blood glucose in pregnancy, and novel targets based on CGM data are becoming standardized. This adoption of CGM is the result of its improving accuracy, patient preference, and evolving data demonstrating associations of novel targets such as time in range (TIR) with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. A greater understanding of the relationship of various CGM metrics to outcomes in pregnancy complicated by diabetes is needed. It is clear that TIR parameters need to be uniquely lower for pregnant women than for nonpregnant individuals. CGM technology is also an integral part of hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery systems. These insulin delivery systems will be a significant advance in the management of diabetes during pregnancy if they can achieve the pre- and postprandial targets required for pregnancy and optimize TIR.

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OBJECTIVE: To examine time trends in US pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus for maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: We abstracted clinical data from the medical records of 700 pregnant women from 2004 to 2017. For each time period, means and percentages were calculated. P values for trend were calculated using linear and logistic regression. RESULTS: HbA1c in each trimester was unchanged across the analysis period. The prevalence of nephropathy decreased from 4.8% to 0% (P = 0.002). Excessive gestational weight gain increased (P = 0.01). Gestation length also increased (P = 0.01), as did vaginal deliveries (P = 0.03). There were no change in birthweight over time (P = 0.07) and the percentage of neonates with macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA) neonates also remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Obstetric guideline changes may have improved gestation length and mode of delivery; however, other outcomes need more attention, including excessive gestational weight gain, macrosomia, and LGA.

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BACKGROUND: The heterozygous microdeletion of chromosome 22q11.2 results in a spectrum of disorders, including DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) and velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), with phenotypic features that can include the classic triad of congenital heart disease (CHD), thymic aplasia and hypoparathyroidism. Such microdeletions are usually detectable by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a twenty-three year-old female who presented with clinical features of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome including cardiac anomalies, hypoparathyroidism and dysmorphic facial features. FISH did not reveal a 22q11.2 microdeletion. Further genetic analysis showed T box-1 (TBX1) heterozygous mutation. CONCLUSIONS: The TBX1 gene plays a significant role in the development of fourth pharyngeal arch structures. Mutations of TBX1, which is found at chromosome 22q11.21 can be responsible for the development of syndromes classically associated with chromosome 22q11.2 deletions. This case emphasizes that the TBX1 gene, among other genes, can be responsible for the developmental anomalies seen in these syndromes.

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CONTEXT: Moyamoya syndrome is an idiopathic brain vasculopathy characterized by stenosis of major intracranial arteries. It often presents in patients with type 1 diabetes or thyroid disease and may have an autoimmune etiology. Moyamoya-related stroke poses a diagnostic challenge as initial symptoms and deficits vary greatly from classic ischemic stroke to encephalopathy, psychiatric, or seizure disorder. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report 4 patients with type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases who developed moyamoya-related stroke at a young age. Despite having long-term diabetes, these patients exhibited no evidence of dyslipidemia or other typical risk factors for atherosclerosis which might contribute to premature stroke. Three of the four patients underwent revascularization surgery while one patient received conservative management. All patients had improved neurologic function after treatment, some with residual deficits. CONCLUSION: We highlight the importance of recognizing moyamoya syndrome in patients with pre-existing autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can have major impact on patient outcome and quality of life.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess whether glycemic control, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) and placental growth factor (PlGF) were associated with the development of preeclampsia (PE) or gestational hypertension (GHTN) in women with preexisting diabetes. METHODS: Maternal circulating angiogenic factors (sFlt1 and PlGF) measured on automated platform were studied at four time points during pregnancy in women with diabetes (N = 159) and reported as multiples of the median (MOM) of sFlt1/PlGF ratio (median, 25th-75th percentile) noted in non-diabetic non-hypertensive control pregnant population (N = 139). Diagnosis of PE or GHTN was determined by review of de-identified clinical data. RESULTS: PE developed in 12% (N = 19) and GHTN developed in 23% (N = 37) of the women with diabetes. Among diabetic women without PE or GHTN, median sFlt1/PlGF levels at 35-40 weeks was threefold higher than in non-diabetic controls [MOM 3.21(1.19-7.24), p = 0.0001]. Diabetic women who subsequently developed PE had even greater alterations in sFlt1/PlGF ratio during the third trimester [MOM for PE at 27-34 weeks 15.18 (2.37-26.86), at 35-40 weeks 8.61(1.20-18.27), p ≤ 0.01 for both windows compared to non-diabetic controls]. Women with diabetes who subsequently developed GHTN also had significant alterations in angiogenic factors during third trimester; however, these findings were less striking. Among women with diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) during the first trimester was higher in subjects who subsequently developed PE (7.7 vs 6.7%, p = 0.0001 for diabetic PE vs diabetic non-PE). CONCLUSIONS: Women with diabetes had a markedly altered anti-angiogenic state late in pregnancy that was further exacerbated in subjects who developed PE. Altered angiogenic factors may be one mechanism for the increased risk of PE in this population. Increased HbA1c in the first trimester of pregnancies in women with diabetes was strongly associated with subsequent PE.

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