RESUMEN
Summary Understanding the molecular basis for proper cell division requires a detailed functional analysis of microtubule (MT)-associated proteins. MT-associated protein 1S (MAP1S), the most ubiquitously expressed MAP1 family member, is required for accurate cell division. Here, using quantitative analysis of MT plus-end tracking, we show that MAP1S knockdown alters MT dynamics throughout the cell cycle. Surprisingly, MAP1S downregulation results in faster growing, yet short-lived, MTs in all cell cycle stages and in a global loss of MT acetylation. These aberrations correlate with severe defects in the final stages of cell division. In monopolar cytokinesis assays, we demonstrate that MAP1S guides MT-dependent initiation of cytokinesis. Our data underline the key role of MAP1S as a global regulator of MT stability and demonstrate a new primary function of MAP1S to regulate MT dynamics at the onset of cytokinesis.
Asunto(s)
Ciclo Celular , Citocinesis , Proteínas Asociadas a Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Acetilación , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Células HeLa , Humanos , Microscopía Fluorescente , Microscopía por Video , Proteínas Asociadas a Microtúbulos/genética , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , Interferencia de ARN , Factores de Tiempo , Imagen de Lapso de Tiempo , TransfecciónRESUMEN
Mammalian genomes contain several billion base pairs of DNA that are packaged in chromatin fibres. At selected gene loci, cohesin complexes have been proposed to arrange these fibres into higher-order structures, but how important this function is for determining overall chromosome architecture and how the process is regulated are not well understood. Using conditional mutagenesis in the mouse, here we show that depletion of the cohesin-associated protein Wapl stably locks cohesin on DNA, leads to clustering of cohesin in axial structures, and causes chromatin condensation in interphase chromosomes. These findings reveal that the stability of cohesin-DNA interactions is an important determinant of chromatin structure, and indicate that cohesin has an architectural role in interphase chromosome territories. Furthermore, we show that regulation of cohesin-DNA interactions by Wapl is important for embryonic development, expression of genes such as c-myc (also known as Myc), and cell cycle progression. In mitosis, Wapl-mediated release of cohesin from DNA is essential for proper chromosome segregation and protects cohesin from cleavage by the protease separase, thus enabling mitotic exit in the presence of functional cohesin complexes.
Asunto(s)
Cromatina/química , Cromatina/metabolismo , Segregación Cromosómica , Proteínas/metabolismo , Animales , Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Cromátides/genética , Cromátides/metabolismo , Cromatina/genética , Proteínas Cromosómicas no Histona/metabolismo , Segregación Cromosómica/genética , Cromosomas de los Mamíferos/química , Cromosomas de los Mamíferos/genética , Cromosomas de los Mamíferos/metabolismo , ADN/genética , ADN/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/deficiencia , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Desarrollo Embrionario/genética , Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/genética , Genes myc/genética , Interfase , Ratones , Mitosis , Profase , Proteínas/genética , Separasa , CohesinasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Missegregation of chromosomes during meiosis in human females causes aneuploidy, including trisomy 21, and is thought also to be the major cause of age-related infertility. Most errors are thought to occur at the first meiotic division. The high frequency of errors raises questions as to whether the surveillance mechanism known as the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that controls the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) operates effectively in oocytes. Experimental approaches hitherto used to inactivate the SAC in oocytes suffer from a number of drawbacks. RESULTS: Bub1 protein was depleted specifically in oocytes with a Zp3-Cre transgene to delete exons 7 and 8 from a floxed BUB1(F) allele. Loss of Bub1 greatly accelerates resolution of chiasmata and extrusion of polar bodies. It also causes defective biorientation of bivalents, massive chromosome missegregation at meiosis I, and precocious loss of cohesion between sister centromeres. By using a quantitative assay for APC/C-mediated securin destruction, we show that the APC/C is activated in an exponential fashion, with activity peaking 12-13 hr after GVBD, and that this process is advanced by 5 hr in oocytes lacking Bub1. Importantly, premature chiasmata resolution does not occur in Bub1-deficient oocytes also lacking either the APC/C's Apc2 subunit or separase. Finally, we show that Bub1's kinase domain is not required to delay APC/C activation. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that far from being absent or ineffective, the SAC largely determines the timing of APC/C and hence separase activation in oocytes, delaying it for about 5 hr.