RESUMEN
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is difficult to treat, and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. This study aimed to examine whether combination of wogonin and artesunate exhibits synergistic anti-HCC effect. Our data show that the combination treatment exhibits synergistic effect in reducing HCC cell viability by increasing apoptosis as indicated by the elevated cleavage of caspase 8, 3 and PARP. Interestingly, PCR array and the subsequent studies indicate that the combination treatment significantly increases the expression of DNA-damage-inducible, alpha (GADD45A), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3). Knockdown of GADD45A, TNFα or TRAF3 abolishes the combination treatment-enhanced apoptosis and the synergistic effect in reducing HCC cell viability. In the HCC-bearing xenograft mouse models, although the combination treatment increases the activity of NFκB in the tumor tissues, it exhibits a more potent anti-HCC effect than the mono-treatment, which may due to the enhanced apoptosis as indicated by the increased expression of GADD45A, TNFα, TRAF3 and apoptotic markers. Our study clearly demonstrates that the combination of artesunate and wogonin exhibits synergistic anti-HCC effect, and support the further development of this combination as alternative therapeutics for HCC management.
RESUMEN
SCOPE: Oligonol has been shown to moderate mitochondrial biogenesis, protein synthesis, and protein degradation in diabetic mice in a previous study. It is therefore hypothesized that oligonol alleviated sarcopenia by regulating pathways involved in protein turnover and mitochondrial quality. METHODS AND RESULTS: The 32-week-old senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice are fed with chow diet containing 200 mg kg-1 oligonol for 8 weeks. Oligonol supplementation increased skeletal muscle mass, cross-sectional areas, and grip strength in SAMP8 mice. Oligonol increased phosphorylation of AKT/mTOR/p70sk6, inhibited nuclear localization of FoxO3a and NFκB, and decreased transcription of MuRF-1 and MAFbx in skeletal muscle of SAMP8 mice. Downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis genes (PGC-1α and Tfam) and mitochondrial fusion genes (Mfn2 and Opa1), loss of PINK1, overexpression of Atg13, LC3-II, and p62, and abundant accumulation of autophagosomes and lysosomes in skeletal muscle of SAMP8 mice are limited by oligonol. Furthermore, oligonol reduced expression of released cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-9 in skeletal muscle of SAMP8 mice. CONCLUSION: Regulating pathways involved in protein synthesis and degradation, mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial fusion/fission, autophagy, and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by oligonol contribute to positive protein turnover and mitochondrial quality, thus increasing muscle mass and strength in SAMP8 mice.