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In agricultural environments, plants are often exposed to abiotic stresses including temperature extremes, salt stress, drought, and heavy metal soil contamination, which leads to significant economic losses worldwide. Especially salt stress and drought pose serious challenges since they induce ionic toxicity, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress in plants. A potential solution can be the application of bacteria of the Serratia spp. known to promote plant growth under normal conditions Thus the mini-review aims to summarize the current knowledge on plant growth promotion by Serratia spp. (under the conditions of salinity stress, drought, and nutrient deficit) and highlight areas for development in the field. So far, it has been proven that Serratia spp. strains exhibit a variety of traits contributing to enhanced plant growth and stress tolerance, such as phytohormone production, ACC deaminase activity, nitrogen fixation, P and Zn solubilization, antioxidant properties improvement, and modulation of gene expression. Nevertheless, further research on Serratia spp. is needed, especially on two subjects: elucidating its mechanisms of action on plants at the molecular level and the effects of Serratia spp. on the indigenous soil and plant microbiota and, particularly, the rhizosphere. In both cases, it is advisable to use omics techniques to gain in-depth insights into the issues. Additionally, some strains of Serratia spp. may be phytopathogens, therefore studies to rule out this possibility are recommended prior to field trials. It is believed that by improving said knowledge the potential of Serratia spp. to stimulate plant growth will increase and strains from the genus will serve as an eco-friendly biofertilizer in sustainable agriculture more often.

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Since reservoirs perform many important functions, they are exposed to various types of unfavorable phenomena, e.g., eutrophication which leads to a rapid growth of algae (blooms) that degrade water quality. One of the solutions to combat phytoplankton blooms are effective microorganisms (EM). The study aims to evaluate the potential of EM in improving the water quality of the Turawa reservoir on the Mala Panew River in Poland. It is one of the first studies providing insights into the effectiveness of using EM in the bioremediation of water in a eutrophic reservoir. Samples for the study were collected in 2019-2021. The analysis showed that EM could be one of the most effective methods for cleaning water from unfavorable microorganisms (HBN22, HBN36, CBN, FCBN, FEN) - after the application of EM, a reduction in their concentration was observed (from 46.44 to 58.38% on average). The duration of their effect ranged from 17.6 to 34.1 days. The application of EM improved the trophic status of the Turawa reservoir, expressed by the Carlson index, by 7.78%. As shown in the literature review, the use of other methods of water purification (e.g., constructed wetlands, floating beds, or intermittent aeration) leads to an increase in the effectiveness and a prolongation of the duration of the EM action. The findings of the study might serve as a guide for the restoration of eutrophic reservoirs by supporting sustainable management of water resources. Nevertheless, further research should be conducted on the effectiveness of EM and their application in the remediation of eutrophic water reservoirs.

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The study presents the results of a 3-year field trial aimed at assessing the yield and efficiency indicators of nitrogen application in the cultivation of three maize cultivars differing in agronomic and genetic profile. The advantages of the UltraGrain stabilo formulation (NBPT and NPPT) over ammonium nitrate and urea are apparent if a maize cultivar capable of efficient nutrient uptake in the pre-flowering period and effective utilization during the grain filling stage is selected. Therefore, the rational fertilization of maize with urea-based nitrogen fertilizer with a urease inhibitor requires the simultaneous selection of cultivars that are physiologically profiled for efficient nitrogen utilization from this form of fertilizer ("stay-green" cultivar). The interaction of a selective cultivar with a high genetically targeted potential for nitrogen uptake from soil, combined with a targeted selection of nitrogen fertilizer, is important not only in terms of production, but also environmental and economic purposes.

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This study presents the results of 3-year field trials, whose purpose was to assess the dynamics of dry matter accumulation by maize depending on the placement depth of a two-component (NP) mineral fertilizer in the soil layer, type of nitrogen fertilizer and date of its application. Weather conditions, mainly thermal in the early growing season, had a significant effect on maize responses to placement depth of phosphorus starting dose in the soil profile. In the initial stage of maize development, the temperature determined plant growth to a significantly higher extent than the sum of rainfall. The dry matter yield of ears and whole plants showed a clear reaction to starter phosphorus fertilization, but the effect of the depth of fertilizer placement varied over the years, indicating a depth of 5 cm and 10 cm as advisable and recommended for agricultural practice. The PFPFN (partial factor productivity of fertilizer nitrogen) and PFPFP (partial factor productivity of fertilizer phosphorus) indices confirmed the significant effect of fertilizer (NP) placement in the soil profile, indicating row fertilizer application (regardless of the depth) as recommended to improve the efficiency of maize fertilization. The SPAD (soil plant analysis development) leaf greenness index turned out to be a sensitive indicator of maize response to fertilizer (NP) placement depth in the soil profile.

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The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional value of organic milk in Poland, investigate the influence of diet on antioxidant capacity and degree of antioxidant protection (DAP), and to examine the effect of season on the bioactive properties of milk from organic farms. From 2014 to 2015, 820 milk samples were collected from 6 organic farms during indoor feeding season (IDS) and pasture feeding season (PS). Pasture feeding season + corn grain (PSCG) cows' daily ration during pasture feeding season was enriched with 4 kg a day of corn to improve dietary energy balance. Milk obtained during PS was found to have a higher fat content, slight but significantly lower protein content compared with milk from IDS. The study showed that the content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in milk fat was strongly linked to the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and, to a lesser extent, on the supply of MUFA. The IDS data (concentration of vitamin E, A, and ß-carotene) showed the lowest values compared with the PS and PSCG groups. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and DAP showed an increasing trend in organic milk. PSCG was associated with highest level of DAP (9% higher than PS and 79% higher than IDS) and TAS (37% higher than PS and 79% higher than IDS). The results obtained show that supplementation of the basic ration with corn grain improved both TAS and DAP. The higher DAP and TAS value is responsible for product stability, considering the risk factor related to levels of cholesterol-oxide intake in humans.

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Trogocytosis is a cell-contact dependent intercellular transfer of membrane fragments and associated molecules. We studied trogocytosis in the interaction of T cells with human skeletal muscle cells modeling muscle-immune cell interactions under pathophysiological conditions i.e. myositis. Human myoblasts donate membrane fragments to T cells. Acquisition of muscle-derived membrane molecules depended on T-cell activation, was independent of T-cell receptor engagement, sensitive to inhibition of actin polymerization and amplified by protein kinase C activation. Single-cell patch clamping was used to demonstrate the change in membrane capacitance upon incorporation of membrane fragments in T cells. Membrane uptake was fast and temporarily, but had clear functional consequences: T cells after intimate contact with myoblasts stimulated the proliferation of autologous T cells. Our observations raise the hypothesis that trogocytosis may modulate the outcome of T-T interactions within the micromilieu of skeletal muscle.

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Muscle biopsy specimens of myositis patients were analyzed for the presence of dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (MPh) by immunohistochemistry. The interaction of DC and myoblasts (MB) was studied by coculture and effects on DC phenotype and function were assessed by flow cytometry and T-cell proliferation assays. Effects of MB-lysates on the phagocytic capacity of MPh were analyzed in bead-incorporation assays. Myositis specimens revealed a tendency towards more immature DC. MB modulated the maturation state of DC and DC recovered from MB-coculture had an inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation. MB-lysates strongly stimulated MPh phagocytosis. Hypothetically, MB might modulate APC, counterbalancing immune-mediated damage.

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Lymphoid neogenesis is the process by which ectopic lymphoid accumulations that resemble lymph nodes arise in nonlymphoid tissues. Such lymphoid accumulations, known as tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO), are observed in chronic autoimmunity and they propagate immune pathology by setting up local antigen presenting sites. Whether lymphoid neogenesis occurs in transplanted organs and contributes to rejection is not well understood. To begin to address this question, we retrospectively analyzed 319 murine cardiac allografts for microscopic evidence of lymph-node-like structures. We found 78 allografts that had either classical TLO, characterized by discrete T- and B-cell zones and high endothelial venules (HEV) expressing peripheral node addressin (PNAd) (n = 34), or PNAd(+) HEV without organized lymphoid accumulations (n = 44). These changes were present in both short- and long-lived allografts and were invariably associated with rejection. Importantly, they occurred in 78% of allografts undergoing chronic rejection (n = 85) but in only 7% of allografts undergoing primarily acute rejection (n = 184). These findings indicate that, like autoimmunity, alloimmunity is associated with lymphoid neogenesis in the target organ and suggest a role for local T-cell activation in chronic allograft rejection.

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Transplanted organs fail due to either acute or chronic rejection. The prevailing view is that the nature or magnitude of the recipient's immune response to donor Ags determines the type of rejection. In variance with this view, we show in this study that the status of the graft itself plays a dominant role in defining the type of rejection even in the face of an established alloimmune response. Using adoptive transfer mouse models in which the graft is exposed to a constant number of effector lymphocytes, we found that newly transplanted heart allografts are rejected acutely, while healed-in allografts undergo chronic rejection. Acute rejection of healed-in allografts was largely recapitulated by subjecting the grafts to ischemia-reperfusion injury similar to that present in newly transplanted organs. Ischemia-Reperfusion injury altered the outcome of rejection by enhancing the accumulation of effector T cells within the graft. The accumulation of effector T cells in the graft was dependent on the presence of both ischemia-reperfusion injury (inflammation) and alloantigens. These findings demonstrate that the graft plays a dominant role in shaping the outcome of rejection by controlling the trafficking of effector T cells.

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Histiocytosis X or Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease including three less distinctive and overlapping conditions called eosinophilic granuloma (EG), Hand-Schüller-Christian (HSC) disease and Letterer-Siwe (LS) disease. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose histiocytosis, especially when an ear disease is refractory to medical treatment. The authors present a case report of histiocytosis X in a 5-year-old boy with ear involvement. Bone destruction involved temporal bone and zygomatic process. The role of imaging diagnosis in evaluation of lesion extent with special consideration of CT is presented.

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Cerebellar abscess is a serious complication of ear disease that requires early diagnosis and treatment. Computerized axial tomography with contrast enhancement is very useful for the diagnosis of these abscesses. This fact is illustrated by a case report of a cerebellar abscess secondary to chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma detected in one of our patients. On examination otorrhoea, fever, headache, vomiting and had hemilateral conductive hearing loss. The therapy included radical operation, excision of the abscess and antibiotic therapy.

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