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Emergency transcatheter embolization is a well-recognized measure to manage patients with life-threatening haemoperitoneum due to spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. Traditional embolization technique is to embolize the proper hepatic artery or the segmental hepatic artery by femoral approach using gelfoam pledgets. From 1997 to 2004, in 19 out of 96 embolizations, the embolization technique had to be modified because of tortuous conventional or aberrant hepatic vascular anatomy or parasitic supply to achieve successful embolization.

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A female patient with end-stage renal failure, who was maintained on haemodialysis via multiple central dialysis catheters, developed chronic occlusion of the left brachiocephalic vein. Subsequently, the right jugular dual lumen PermCath became dysfunctional because of marked superior vena cava stenosis. Angioplasty of the superior vena cava stenosis was performed but failed to restore adequate catheter function. The patient was referred for possible salvage of her central venous access and re-insertion of a new PermCath. During surgery, the right jugular PermCath was removed, the superior vena cava was stented to establish venous patency, and a new PermCath was re-inserted via the existing right jugular puncture site. The technique helps reduce cost and time, and avoids another jugular puncture. In addition, this procedure saves a central venous access which is important in patients on long-term haemodialysis.

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We report 13 successful emergency embolisations for 12 pseudoaneurysms performed in 10 patients. For five pseudoaneurysms the embolisation technique was modified according to number of supplying vessels, flow rate of pseudoaneurysms, vascular anatomy and whether there was clinical evidence of re-bleeding or not. Apart from traditional embolisation technique, modified embolisation techniques are also useful for endovascular therapy of pseudoaneurysms.

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From February 1994 to April 2000, 29 emergency gelfoam embolizations for spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) performed in 28 patients were retrospectively reviewed. There were 11 patients in Child's A, 11 in Child's B and six in Child's C classification of cirrhosis. The duration of the procedure, artery embolized and complications were reviewed, and the Child-Pugh classification of each patient was correlated with their mean survival period. Embolization was done in 12 right hepatic arteries, two left hepatic arteries and 15 proper hepatic arteries. In one patient, the left hepatic artery was embolized initially but the proper hepatic artery was also embolized because another subcapsular liver tumour was found after reviewing the preangiogram CT scan. The entire procedure took 40-170 min (mean = 86 min) with no periprocedural complication. Following embolization, the mean survival period for Child's A class was 218.3 days, Child's B class was 83.4 days and Child's C class was 11.0 days. Transcatheter embolization is an effective treatment to arrest bleeding in spontaneous ruptured HCC. Patients with Child's A class cirrhosis have the longest survival. Selective embolization of either the right or the left hepatic artery alone carries the potential risk of missing multifocal HCC that might not be easily appreciated during angiography.

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A rare case of pyothorax-associated large B-cell lymphoma occurring in Hong Kong is reported. The patient was a 64-year-old Chinese male who presented with shortness of breath and pleuritic pain. Radiological examination revealed left pleural thickening associated with bilateral pleural effusion. Open biopsy of the thickened parietal pleura revealed occasional large malignant lymphoid cells of B lineage admixed with fibrin and hyalinised fibrous tissue. These lymphoma cells were shown to harbour both Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus type 8 by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemical study, respectively. There was no associated lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. The clinicoradiological presentation and pathological findings thus fulfilled the criteria of the so-called pyothorax-associated large B-cell lymphoma. Awareness of this rare entity, together with diligent histological examination and proper application of ancillary investigative techniques, are essential for making a correct diagnosis. The co-infection with Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus type 8 in this case also suggests a possible pathogenetic relationship between pyothorax-associated large B-cell lymphoma and primary effusion lymphoma.

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