Asunto(s)

Suplementos Dietéticos , Nombres , Humanos

RESUMEN

Dietary supplements, including vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, and enzymes, have become increasingly more common and are used by approximately half of the US population. About three-fourths of supplements are obtained with no prescription from a physician, which raises medical concerns regarding safety as these products do not require US Food and Drug Administration approval. Common reasons for taking dietary supplements include improved mood, improved mental function, depression relief, anxiety reduction, and treatment of simple and migraine headaches. The use of herbs for medicinal purposes has a long-standing history among many cultures. We present the case of a 43-year-old man, who was taking dietary supplements, with a 6-month history of psychotic symptoms that increasingly caused impairment in functioning and eventually led to involuntary hospitalization. The published data with regard to supplements causing psychosis, herb-to-herb interaction, and reliability of herbal supplement manufacturers are discussed.

Asunto(s)

Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Extractos Vegetales/efectos adversos , Psicosis Inducidas por Sustancias/diagnóstico , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino

RESUMEN

Some diseases manifest as one characteristic set of symptoms to the host, but can be caused by multiple pathogens. Control treatments based on plant symptoms can make it difficult to effectively manage such diseases, as the biology of the underlying pathogens can vary. Grapevine leafroll disease affects grapes worldwide, and is associated with several viral species in the family Closteroviridae. Whereas some of the viruses associated with this disease are transmitted by insect vectors, others are only graft-transmissible. In three regions of California, we surveyed vineyards containing diseased vines and screened symptomatic plants for all known viral species associated with grapevine leafroll disease. Relative incidence of each virus species differed among the three regions regions, particularly in relation to species with known vectors compared with those only known to be graft-transmitted. In one region, the pathogen population was dominated by species not known to have an insect vector. In contrast, populations in the other surveyed regions were dominated by virus species that are vector-transmissible. Our survey did not detect viruses associated with grapevine leafroll disease at some sites with characteristic disease symptoms. This could be explained either by undescribed genetic diversity among these viruses that prevented detection with available molecular tools at the time the survey was performed, or a misidentification of visual symptoms that may have had other underlying causes. Based on the differences in relative prevalence of each virus species among regions and among vineyards within regions, we expect that region and site-specific management strategies are needed for effective disease control.

Asunto(s)

Closteroviridae/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/virología , Hojas de la Planta/virología , Vitis/virología , California

RESUMEN

Anesthesia in infancy impairs performance in recognition memory tasks in mammalian animals, but it is unknown if this occurs in humans. Successful recognition can be based on stimulus familiarity or recollection of event details. Several brain structures involved in recollection are affected by anesthesia-induced neurodegeneration in animals. Therefore, we hypothesized that anesthesia in infancy impairs recollection later in life in humans and rats. Twenty eight children ages 6-11 who had undergone a procedure requiring general anesthesia before age 1 were compared with 28 age- and gender-matched children who had not undergone anesthesia. Recollection and familiarity were assessed in an object recognition memory test using receiver operator characteristic analysis. In addition, IQ and Child Behavior Checklist scores were assessed. In parallel, thirty three 7-day-old rats were randomized to receive anesthesia or sham anesthesia. Over 10 months, recollection and familiarity were assessed using an odor recognition test. We found that anesthetized children had significantly lower recollection scores and were impaired at recollecting associative information compared with controls. Familiarity, IQ, and Child Behavior Checklist scores were not different between groups. In rats, anesthetized subjects had significantly lower recollection scores than controls while familiarity was unaffected. Rats that had undergone tissue injury during anesthesia had similar recollection indices as rats that had been anesthetized without tissue injury. These findings suggest that general anesthesia in infancy impairs recollection later in life in humans and rats. In rats, this effect is independent of underlying disease or tissue injury.

Asunto(s)

Anestesia General/efectos adversos , Memoria a Largo Plazo/efectos de los fármacos , Reconocimiento en Psicología/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Aprendizaje por Asociación/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Pruebas de Inteligencia , Masculino , Recuerdo Mental/efectos de los fármacos , Éteres Metílicos/efectos adversos , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Percepción Olfatoria/efectos de los fármacos , Curva ROC , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Sevoflurano

RESUMEN

Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is caused by a complex of several virus species (grapevine leafroll-associated viruses, GLRaV) in the family Closteroviridae. Because of its increasing importance, it is critical to determine which species of GLRaV is predominant in each region where this disease is occurring. A structured sampling design, utilizing a combination of RT-PCR based testing and sequencing methods, was used to survey GLRaVs in Napa Valley (California, USA) vineyards (n = 36). Of the 216 samples tested for GLRaV-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -9, 62% (n = 134) were GLRaV positive. Of the positives, 81% (n = 109) were single infections with GLRaV-3, followed by GLRaV-2 (4%, n = 5), while the remaining samples (15%, n = 20) were mixed infections of GLRaV-3 with GLRaV-1, 2, 4, or 9. Additionally, 468 samples were tested for genetic variants of GLRaV-3, and of the 65% (n = 306) of samples positive for GLRaV-3, 22% were infected with multiple GLRaV-3 variants. Phylogenetic analysis utilizing sequence data from the single infection GLRaV-3 samples produced seven well-supported GLRaV-3 variants, of which three represented 71% of all GLRaV-3 positive samples in Napa Valley. Furthermore, two novel variants, which grouped with a divergent isolate from New Zealand (NZ-1), were identified, and these variants comprised 6% of all positive GLRaV-3 samples. Spatial analyses showed that GLRaV-3a, 3b, and 3c were not homogeneously distributed across Napa Valley. Overall, 86% of all blocks (n = 31) were positive for GLRaVs and 90% of positive blocks (n = 28) had two or more GLRaV-3 variants, suggesting complex disease dynamics that might include multiple insect-mediated introduction events.

Asunto(s)

Virus ARN/aislamiento & purificación , Vitis/virología , California , Funciones de Verosimilitud , Filogenia , Virus ARN/clasificación

RESUMEN

A bacterium was isolated from the abscess pus of a 72-year-old patient with Warthin's tumor and parotid abscess. The cells were aerobic, non-motile, Gram-negative but difficult to be destained, non-sporulating, coccobacillus. The bacterium grew poorly on sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar as non-hemolytic colonies of 0.5 mm in diameter after 24h of incubation at 37 degrees C in ambient air. Growth was enhanced by Tween 80. It produces catalase but not cytochrome oxidase. Sequencing of the cloned 16S rRNA PCR products of the bacterium revealed three different 16S rRNA gene sequences, with 12 - 31 bp differences among them. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the bacterium is closely related to Alkanindiges illinoisensis, with 5.0 - 5.9% differences between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the bacterium and that of A. illinoisensis. Tryptophan auxotrophic strain of Acinetobacter trpE27 transformed with DNA extracted from the bacterium was unable to grow on tryptophan deficient medium, indicating that the bacterium was not a strain of Acinetobacter. The G+C content of the bacterium (mean +/-SD) was 46.9+4.3%. A new species, Alkanindiges hongkongensis sp. nov., is proposed, for which HKU9T is the type strain. Isolates with "small colonies" that are apparently Acinetobacter-like species should be carefully identified. Growth enhancement with aliphatic hydrocarbons should be looked for and 16S rRNA gene sequencing performed in order to find more potential cases of Alkanindiges infections, as well as to define the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and outcome of infections associated with this genus.

Asunto(s)

Absceso/microbiología , Infecciones por Moraxellaceae/complicaciones , Infecciones por Moraxellaceae/microbiología , Moraxellaceae/clasificación , Moraxellaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de las Parótidas/microbiología , Glándula Parótida/microbiología , Acinetobacter/genética , Adenolinfoma/complicaciones , Adenolinfoma/microbiología , Aerobiosis , Anciano , Composición de Base , ADN Bacteriano/química , ADN Bacteriano/aislamiento & purificación , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/aislamiento & purificación , Genes de ARNr , Hong Kong , Humanos , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Moraxellaceae/citología , Moraxellaceae/fisiología , Neoplasias de la Parótida/complicaciones , Neoplasias de la Parótida/microbiología , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Transformación Bacteriana

RESUMEN

A bacterium was isolated from the blood culture of an intravenous drug abuser with pseudobacteremia. The cells were strictly anaerobic, straight or slightly curved, sporulating, Gram-negative rods. It grew on sheep blood agar as non-hemolytic, pinpoint colonies after 48 hr of incubation at 37 C in an anaerobic environment. It was motile but did not produce catalase or cytochrome oxidase. 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing revealed three different copies of 16S rDNA sequences. More than 90% of the differences among them were due to differences in the lengths of the sequences. Phylogenetically, the bacterium is clustered with Dendrosporobacter, Sporomusa, and Propionispora, the other three genera of anaerobic, sporulating, Gram-negative rods. There were 8.6-11.1% differences between the 16S rDNA sequences of the bacterium and that of D. quercicolus, 4.7-15.1% differences between the 16S rDNA sequences of it and those of S. acidovorans, S. aerivorans, S. malonica, S. ovata, S. paucivorans, S. silvacetica, S. spaeroides, and S. termitida, and 7.6-13.1% differences between the 16S rDNA sequences of it and those of P. hippei and P. vibrioides. The G+C content of the bacterium (mean +/- SD) was 46.8 +/- 3.2%. For these reasons, a new genus and species, Anaerospora hongkongensis gen. nov. sp. nov., is proposed, for which HKU15T is the type strain.

Asunto(s)

Bacteriemia/microbiología , Sangre/microbiología , Peptococcaceae/clasificación , Peptococcaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/complicaciones , Adulto , Anaerobiosis , Bacteriemia/complicaciones , Composición de Base , Secuencia de Bases , Catalasa/análisis , China , ADN Bacteriano/química , ADN Bacteriano/aislamiento & purificación , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/aislamiento & purificación , Complejo IV de Transporte de Electrones/análisis , Genes de ARNr , Humanos , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Movimiento , Peptococcaceae/citología , Peptococcaceae/fisiología , Filogenia , ARN Bacteriano/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Veillonellaceae

RESUMEN

A bacterium was isolated from the blood culture of a 91-year-old patient with colonic carcinoma. The cells were strict anaerobic, motile, Gram-negative, sporulating, straight, or slightly curved rods. The bacterium grew on agar using the BACTEC anaerobic blood culture broth or buffered charcoal yeast extract agar as pinpoint colonies after 72 h of incubation at 37 degrees C in anaerobic conditions. It did not grow on blood agar, chocolate agar, MacConkey agar, nutrient agar or broth, brain heart infusion agar or broth, Brucella agar, or cooked meat medium. It produces catalase but not cytochrome oxidase. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that it is closely related to Sedimentibacter hydroxybenzoicus and Sedimentibacter saalensis, with 10.5% and 11.9% differences between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the bacterium and those of S. hydroxybenzoicus and S. saalensis respectively. A new species, Sedimentibacter hongkongenesis sp. nov., is proposed, for which HKU2(T) is the type strain.

Asunto(s)

Bacteriemia/microbiología , Bacterias Grampositivas/clasificación , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Adenocarcinoma/complicaciones , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma/terapia , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antibacterianos , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Secuencia de Bases , China , Neoplasias del Colon/complicaciones , Neoplasias del Colon/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Colon/terapia , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Quimioterapia Combinada/uso terapéutico , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Bacterias Grampositivas/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Cuidados Paliativos/métodos , ARN Bacteriano/análisis , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/métodos , Medición de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad

RESUMEN

Eggerthella, one of the human gut flora, was rarely reported to cause bacteremia in the literature. We describe the application of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing in defining the epidemiology and clinical significance of Eggerthella bacteremia during a 4-year period. Among 55 clinically significant blood culture isolates of anaerobic Gram-positive bacilli, 5 were identified as E. lenta and 5 belonged to 2 novel Eggerthella species, proposed as E. hongkongensis and E. sinensis, respectively. The 10 patients with Eggerthella bacteremia were adults, and 9 had underlying diseases. In all cases, the source of the bacteremia was likely from endogenous flora. Septic shock was a complication in 4 patients, and 3 patients died. The present study suggests that Eggerthella bacteremia is much more common than expected and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the 2 novel species account for half of the cases of Eggerthella bacteremia.

Asunto(s)

Actinobacteria/clasificación , Actinobacteria/genética , Actinobacteria/aislamiento & purificación , Bacteriemia/epidemiología , Bacteriemia/microbiología , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Sangre/microbiología , Medios de Cultivo , ADN Ribosómico/análisis , Genes de ARNr , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/epidemiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN

RESUMEN

A bacterium was isolated from the pus of a patient with pelvic actinomycosis. The cells were strictly anaerobic, straight, non-sporulating, Gram-positive rods. It grows on sheep blood agar as non-haemolytic, pinpoint colonies after 24 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C in anaerobic environment. It is non-motile and does not produce catalase. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing showed that there were 6.6% difference between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the bacterium that of Actinomyces marimammalium (GenBank Accession no. AJ276405), a new species described in 2001, isolated from two seals and a porpoise. For these reasons a new species, Actinomyces hongkongensis sp. nov., is proposed, for which HKU8(T) is the type strain. Further studies should be performed to ascertain the potential of this bacterium to become an important cause of actinomycosis.

Asunto(s)

Actinomyces/clasificación , Actinomyces/aislamiento & purificación , Actinomicosis/microbiología , Enfermedad Inflamatoria Pélvica/microbiología , Actinomyces/citología , Actinomyces/fisiología , Adulto , Anaerobiosis , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , ADN Bacteriano/química , ADN Bacteriano/aislamiento & purificación , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Genes de ARNr , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN

RESUMEN

A bacterium was isolated from the blood culture of a patient with infective endocarditis. The cells were facultative anaerobic, nonsporulating, gram-positive cocci arranged in chains. The bacterium grows on sheep blood agar as alpha-hemolytic, gray colonies of 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C in ambient air. Growth also occurs in 10 or 40% bile and on bile esculin agar but not in 6% NaCl. No enhancement of growth is observed in 5% CO(2). It is nongroupable with Lancefield groups A, B, C, D, F, or G antisera and is resistant to optochin and bacitracin. The organism is aflagellated and is nonmotile at both 25 and 37 degrees C. It is Voges-Proskauer test positive. It produces leucine arylamidase and beta-glucosidase but not catalase, urease, lysine decarboxylase, or ornithine decarboxylase. It hydrolyzes esculin and arginine. It utilizes glucose, lactose, salicin, sucrose, pullulan, trehalose, cellobiose, hemicellulase, mannose, maltose, and starch. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that there were 3.6, 3.7, 4.3, 4.7, and 5.9% differences between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the bacterium and those of Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus anginosus, respectively. The G+C content of it (mean plus minus standard deviation) was 53.0% plus minus 2.9%. Based on phylogenetic affiliation, it belongs to the mitis or anginosus group of Streptococcus. For these reasons a new species, Streptococcus sinensis sp. nov., is proposed, for which HKU4 is the type strain. Further studies should be performed to ascertain the potential of this bacterium to become an emerging cause of infective endocarditis.

Asunto(s)

Endocarditis Bacteriana/microbiología , Streptococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto , Secuencia de Bases , Femenino , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Fenotipo , Filogenia , Estudios Prospectivos , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Streptococcus/clasificación , Streptococcus/genética