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OBJECTIVE: Women undergoing assisted reproductive treatment are usually concerned about the side effects caused by high doses of gonadotropin. A common inquiry of patients is concerning the weight gain as a consequence. The aim of this study was to evaluate if controlled ovarian stimulation increase the weight of women undergoing IVF treatment. Study design This retrospective cohort study included 734 women undergoing IVF treatment between January 2017 and May 2018 and had body weight measured on the day of ovarian stimulation starting (basal-weight) and on the hCG trigger day (hCG-weight). The difference of hCG-weight and basal-weight was calculated and correlated to number of oocytes retrieved and ovarian stimulation protocol. For 358 women, two international validated questionnaires to evaluate the anxiety and binge eating were applied at the end of ovarian stimulation and also associated to the body weight gain. RESULTS: The basal-weight and hCG-weight were paired compared and demonstrate a statistically significant weight gain from basal to hCG-weight of a mean of 387.7 ± 720.4 g (p < 0.001). The weight gain had a positive correlation with the number of oocytes retrieved (Pearson correlation, r = 0.181; p < 0.001) but no correlation with the ovarian stimulation protocol. Regarding the questionnaires answered by patients, neither anxiety score (Pearson: r = -0,031; p = 0,561) nor binge eating score (Pearson: r = 0,069; p = 0,199) were correlated with weight gain from basal-weight to hCG- weight. However, patients who felt eating more during the treatment had a higher weight gain (p < 0.001) independently of the number of oocytes retrieved. CONCLUSIONS: The weight gain is possibly a result from edema and is clinically irrelevant despite of the statistical significance and will probably be resolved in some days after oocytes retrieval. A small "weight gain" was observed and associated to the number of oocytes retrieved regardless of protocol and medication used in the ovarian stimulation.

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OBJECTIVE: Histological testicular pattern has a predictive role in the possibility of finding spermatozoa for ICSI in cases of non-obstructive azoospermia because some individuals could show residual spermatogenic sites in the testis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sperm retrieval rate in each of the histopathological groups (hypospermatogenesis--Hypo, spermatogenic maturation arrest--MA, Sertoli cell only--SCO and testicular hyalinization) in patients assisted in our clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study from March 1997 to October 2002. We analyzed 14 patients with mean age of 34.3 +/- 0.7, with non-obstructive azoospermia. All patients were submitted to previous diagnostic biopsy (Bx) elsewhere and came to our institution for treatment. After an average of 12 months (8-20), they were submitted to a new Bx procedure to retrieve sperm. RESULTS: Previous diagnostic Bx showed the following histopathological results: 5 patients with MA, 4 with Hypo and 5 SCO. In the following Bx (for sperm retrieval) spermatozoa was found in 33% of the procedures in patients with MA, 50% in patients with Hypo and 40% of the procedures in patients with SCO. CONCLUSION: Previous diagnostic Bx can help in patient counseling concerning the result of sperm retrieval.

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OBJECTIVE: Histological testicular pattern has a predictive role in the possibility of finding spermatozoa for ICSI in cases of non-obstructive azoospermia because some individuals could show residual spermatogenic sites in the testis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sperm retrieval rate in each of the histopathological groups (hypospermatogenesis-Hypo, spermatogenic maturation arrest-MA, Sertoli cell only-SCO and testicular hyalinization) in patients assisted in our clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study from March 1997 to October 2002. We analyzed 14 patients with mean age of 34.3 n 0.7, with non-obstructive azoospermia. All patients were submitted to previous diagnostic biopsy (Bx) elsewhere and came to our institution for treatment. After an average of 12 months (8 - 20), they were submitted to a new Bx procedure to retrieve sperm. RESULTS: Previous diagnostic Bx showed the following histopathological results: 5 patients with MA, 4 with Hypo and 5 SCO. In the following Bx (for sperm retrieval) spermatozoa was found in 33 percent of the procedures in patients with MA, 50 percent in patients with Hypo and 40 percent of the procedures in patients with SCO. CONCLUSION: Previous diagnostic Bx can help in patient counseling concerning the result of sperm retrieval.

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PURPOSE: The objective was to describe the results of the injection of immotile spermatozoa with flexible tails when only immotile spermatozoa are present in the semen sample. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the procedure results for 10 couples who participated in our intracytoplasmic sperm injection program. The sperm tail was considered flexible when it moved up and down independently of the head movement, and it was considered inflexible when the movement occurred together (tail plus head). The fertilization and pregnancy rate were analyzed. RESULTS: The normal fertilization rate (presence of 2 pronuclei) was 30.3% (40/132), and the abnormal fertilization rate (presence of less than or more than 2 pronuclei) was 6.81% (9/132). A total of 52 embryos were obtained with 9 transfer procedures performed (pregnancy rate: 11.12%). CONCLUSIONS: The sperm tail flexibility test (STFT) is an easy and cost-effective way for selecting viable immotile spermatozoa and can be used as an alternative method for determining the viability of spermatozoa. This test seems to be a simple and risk-free method when compared to the swelling test.

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OBJECTIVES: Assessing the efficiency of repeated percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) in men with obstructive azoospermia, and also the possibility of cryopreservation of remaining material for future use in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). METHOD: Retrospective study, in which 79 procedures of PESA were assessed in 58 patients (mean age = 45 years), whose partners had mean age of 34 years. Vasectomy was the most frequent cause of obstructive azoospermia (n = 46). RESULTS: Motile spermatozoa were obtained in 65 procedures (82 percent). PESA was twice repeated for 15 patients, 3 times for 5 patients, and 4 times for 1 patient. Spermatozoa were found in 13 (87 percent) patients in the second attempt, in 4 (80 percent) patients in the third attempt, and in the only patient that had accomplished 4 procedures. In 30 procedures (37 percent), we have obtained enough material for cryopreservation. In 12 among the 13 samples thawed (n = 13 patients), motile spermatozoa were found, and ICSI was accomplished. Four patients that did not use their samples requested the elimination of the material. Total rate of pregnancy per transference was 21/55 (38 percent). In 14 PESA procedures, it was not possible to find spermatozoa; in these cases, the patients opted for accomplishing the procedure of testicular sperm aspiration (TESA). CONCLUSION: PESA is an efficient and simple method of retrieving spermatozoa, allowing repeated procedures. Additionally, spermatozoa collected through PESA can be cryopreserved

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OBJECTIVES: Assessing the efficiency of repeated percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) in men with obstructive azoospermia, and also the possibility of cryopreservation of remaining material for future use in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). METHOD: Retrospective study, in which 79 procedures of PESA were assessed in 58 patients (mean age = 45 years), whose partners had mean age of 34 years. Vasectomy was the most frequent cause of obstructive azoospermia (n = 46). RESULTS: Motile spermatozoa were obtained in 65 procedures (82%). PESA was twice repeated for 15 patients, 3 times for 5 patients, and 4 times for 1 patient. Spermatozoa were found in 13 (87%) patients in the second attempt, in 4 (80%) patients in the third attempt, and in the only patient that had accomplished 4 procedures. In 30 procedures (37%), we have obtained enough material for cryopreservation. In 12 among the 13 samples thawed (n = 13 patients), motile spermatozoa were found, and ICSI was accomplished. Four patients that did not use their samples requested the elimination of the material. Total rate of pregnancy per transference was 21/55 (38%). In 14 PESA procedures, it was not possible to find spermatozoa; in these cases, the patients opted for accomplishing the procedure of testicular sperm aspiration (TESA). CONCLUSION: PESA is an efficient and simple method of retrieving spermatozoa, allowing repeated procedures. Additionally, spermatozoa collected through PESA can be cryopreserved.

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PURPOSE: The objective was to describe the results of the injection of immotile spermatozoa with flexible tails when only immotile spermatozoa are present in the semen sample. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the procedure results for 10 couples who participated in our intracytoplasmic sperm injection program. The sperm tail was considered flexible when it moved up and down independently of the head movement, and it was considered inflexible when the movement occurred together (tail plus head). The fertilization and pregnancy rate were analyzed. RESULTS: The normal fertilization rate (presence of 2 pronuclei) was 30.3 percent (40/132), and the abnormal fertilization rate (presence of less than or more than 2 pronuclei) was 6.81 percent (9/132). A total of 52 embryos were obtained with 9 transfer procedures performed (pregnancy rate: 11.12 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The sperm tail flexibility test (STFT) is an easy and cost-effective way for selecting viable immotile spermatozoa and can be used as an alternative method for determining the viability of spermatozoa. This test seems to be a simple and risk-free method when compared to the swelling test

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A criopreservaçäo de sêmen humano é utilizada há cerca de 50 anos. O crioprotetor universal é o glicerol. A associaçäo de substâncias ricas em açúcares e proteínas melhora a sobrevida dos espermatozóides após o congelamento-descongelamento. Neste trabalho compara-se essa sobrevivência criopreservando-se sêmen, utilizando-se o "Test Yolk Buffer - TYB" (meio que utiliza gema de ovo e citrato), comercialmente utilizado, e glicerol com água de coco. Os resultados de sobrevivência espermática pós-descongelamento näo apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois meios. Em conclusäo, a água de coco é um eficiente co-crioprotetor do espermatozóide humano

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