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Objective: NCT01780675, a multicenter randomized phase III trial of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) versus PCI with hippocampal sparing in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) investigated neurocognitive decline and safety. As part of quality assurance, we evaluated if hippocampal avoidance (HA)-PCI was performed according to the NCT01780675 trial protocol instructions, and performed a safety analysis to study the incidence and location of brain metastases for patients treated with HA-PCI. Methods: This retrospective analysis evaluated the quality of the irradiation given in the randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing SCLC patients receiving PCI with or without hippocampal avoidance, using intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The dose distribution for each patient receiving HA-PCI was retrieved and analyzed to evaluate if the treatment dose constraints were met. A questionnaire was sent out to all participating sites, and data on radiotherapy technique, pre-treatment dummy runs, phantom measurements and treatment electronic portal imaging device (EPID) dosimetry were collected and analyzed. As part of the safety analysis, the follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) scans on which cranial disease progression was first diagnosed were collected and matched to the radiotherapy planning dose distribution. The matched scans were reviewed to analyze the location of the brain metastases in relation to the prescribed dose. Results: A total of 168 patients were randomized in the NCT01780675 trial in 10 centers in the Netherlands and Belgium from April 2013 until March 2018. Eighty two patients receiving HA-PCI without evidence of brain metastases were analyzed. All patients were treated with 25 Gy in 10 fractions. Dummy runs and phantom measurements were performed in all institutions prior to enrolling patients into the study. The radiotherapy (RT) plans showed a median mean bilateral hippocampal dose of 8.0 Gy, range 5.4-11.4 (constraint ≤ 8.5 Gy). In six patients (7.3%) there was a protocol violation of the mean dose in one or both hippocampi. In four of these six patients (4.9%) the mean dose to both hippocampi exceeded the constraint, in 1 patient (1.2%) only the left and in 1 patient (1.2%) only the right hippocampal mean dose was violated (average median dose left and right 8.9 Gy). All patients met the trial dose constraint of V 115% PTV ≤ 1%; however the D max PTV constraint of ≤ 28.75 Gy was violated in 22.0% of the patients. The safety analysis showed that 14 patients (17.1%) developed cranial progression. No solitary brain metastases in the underdosed region were found. Two out of 11 patients with multiple brain metastasis developed metastasis in the underdosed region(s). Conclusions: The radiotherapy quality within the HA-PCI trial is performed according to the protocol guidelines. The dose constraints to the hippocampi are met in the vast majority of cases. In all patients, the volume of the brain for which a higher dose was accepted, is according to the trial. However, within this volume there are small areas with higher doses than advised.

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BACKGROUND: Due to its specific physical characteristics, proton irradiation is especially suited for irradiation of chordomas and chondrosarcoma in the axial skeleton. Robust plan optimization renders the proton beam therapy more predictable upon individual setup errors. Reported experience with the planning and delivery of robustly optimized plans in chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the mobile spine and sacrum, is limited. In this study, we report on the clinical use of robustly optimized, intensity modulated proton beam therapy in these patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patient, treatment and acute toxicity data of all patients with chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the mobile spine and sacrum, treated between 1 April 2019 and 1 April 2020 at our institute. Anatomy changes during treatment were evaluated by weekly cone-beam CTs (CBCT), supplemented by scheduled control-CTs or ad-hoc control-CTs. Acute toxicity was scored weekly during treatment and at 3 months after therapy according to CTCAE 4.0. RESULTS: 17 chordoma and 3 chondrosarcoma patients were included. Coverage of the high dose clinical target volume was 99.8% (range 56.1-100%) in the nominal and 80.9% (range 14.3-99.6%) in the voxel-wise minimum dose distribution. Treatment plan adaptation was needed in 5 out of 22 (22.7%) plans. Reasons for plan adaptation were either reduced tumor coverage or increased dose to the OAR. CONCLUSIONS: Robustly optimized intensity modulated proton beam therapy for chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the mobile spine is feasible. Plan adaptations due to anatomical changes were required in approximately 23 percent of treatment courses.

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PURPOSE: Rotations of the prostate gland induce considerable geometric uncertainties in prostate cancer radiation therapy. Collimator and gantry angle adjustments can correct these rotations in intensity modulated radiation therapy. Modern volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatments, however, include a wide range of beam orientations that differ in modulation, and corrections require dynamic collimator rotations. The aim of this study was to implement a rotation correction strategy for VMAT dose delivery and validate it for left-right prostate rotations. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Clinical VMAT treatment plans of 5 prostate cancer patients were used. Simulated left-right prostate rotations between +15° and -15° were corrected by collimator rotations. We compared corrected and uncorrected plans by dose volume histograms, minimum dose (Dmin) to the prostate, bladder surface receiving ≥78 Gy (S78) and rectum equivalent uniform dose (EUD; n=0.13). Each corrected plan was delivered to a phantom, and its deliverability was evaluated by γ-evaluation between planned and delivered dose, which was reconstructed from portal images acquired during delivery. RESULTS: On average, clinical target volume minimum dose (Dmin) decreased up to 10% without corrections. Negative left-right rotations were corrected almost perfectly, whereas Dmin remained within 4% for positive rotations. Bladder S78 and rectum EUD of the corrected plans matched those of the original plans. The average pass rate for the corrected plans delivered to the phantom was 98.9% at 3% per 3 mm gamma criteria. The measured dose in the planning target volume approximated the original dose, rotated around the simulated left-right angle, well. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to dynamically adjust the collimator angle during VMAT treatment delivery to correct for prostate rotations. This technique can safely correct for left-right prostate rotations up to 15°.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate if FDG-PET and DWI identify the same or different targets for dose escalation in the GTV of HN cancer patients. Additionally, the dose coverage of DWI-targets in an FDG-PET-based dose painting plan was analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen HN cancer patients underwent FDG-PET and DWI exams, which were converted to standardized uptake value (SUV)- and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)-maps. The correspondence between the two imaging modalities was determined on a voxel-level using Spearman's correlation coefficient (ρ). Dose painting plans were optimized based on the 50% isocontour of the maximum SUV ( SUV(50%max)). Dose coverage was analyzed in three different SUV- and three different ADC-targets using the mean dose and the near-minimum and near-maximum doses. RESULTS: The average maximum SUV was 13.9 and the mean ADC was 1.17 · 10(-3) mm(2)/s. The average ρ between SUV and ADC was -0.2 (range: -0.6 to 0.4). The ADC-targets were only partly overlapping the SUV(50%max)-target and the dose parameters were significantly smaller in the ADC-targets compared to the SUV(50%max)-target. CONCLUSIONS: FDG-PET and DWI contain different information, resulting in different targets. Further information about failure patterns and dose relations can be obtained by adding DWI to currently ongoing dose painting trials.

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We demonstrate direct frequency-comb (FC) spectroscopy of the dipole-forbidden 4s(2)S(1/2)-3d(2)D(5/2) transition in trapped (40)Ca(+) ions using an unamplified FC laser. The excitation is detected with nearly 100% efficiency using a shelving scheme in combination with single-ion imaging. The method demonstrated here has the potential to reach hertz-level accuracy, if a hertz-level linewidth FC is used in combination with confinement in the Lamb-Dicke regime.