RESUMEN
Additive manufacturing is a technique that allows the construction of prototypes and has evolved a lot in the last 20 years, innovating industrial fabrication processes in several areas. In chemistry, additive manufacturing has been used in several functionalities, such as microfluidic analytical devices, energy storage devices, and electrochemical sensors. Theophylline and paracetamol are important pharmaceutical drugs where overdosing can cause adverse effects, such as tachycardia, seizures, and even renal failure. Therefore, this paper aims at the development of miniaturized electrochemical sensors using 3D printing and polylactic acid-based conductive carbon black commercial filament for theophylline and paracetamol detection. Electrochemical characterizations of the proposed sensor were performed to prove the functionality of the device. Morphological characterizations were carried out, in which chemical treatment could change the surface structure, causing the improvement of the analytical signal. Thus, the detection of theophylline at a linear range of 5.00-150 µmol L-1 with a limit of detection of 1.2 µmol L-1 was attained, and the detection of paracetamol at a linear range of 1.00-200 µmol L-1 with a limit of detection of 0.370 µmol L-1 was obtained, demonstrating the proposed sensor effectively detected pharmaceutical drugs.
Asunto(s)
Acetaminofén , Técnicas Electroquímicas , Poliésteres , Hollín , Teofilina , Acetaminofén/análisis , Hollín/química , Técnicas Electroquímicas/métodos , Teofilina/análisis , Poliésteres/química , Límite de Detección , Impresión Tridimensional , MiniaturizaciónRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858) is an economically relevant polyphagous moth, widely distributed in the Neotropics and part of the Spodoptera latifascia (Walker, 1856) species group. In this study, we used extensive sampling from different regions to describe the spatial distribution of S. cosmioides in Brazil and evaluate its variability both from morphological and molecular perspectives. Variable coloration and several morphological similarities were found among S. cosmioides and congeners of the S. latifascia complex, diverging from each 0.5 to 3.5% of mitochondrial DNA. The genetic divergence at the species level of S. cosmioides was 0.5% throughout Brazil, and a geographic structure was absent, including shared haplotypes with S. descoinsi Lalanne-Cassou & Silvain, 1994. Spodoptera cosmioides was found in all six biomes of Brazil, with the highest abundance recorded in the Cerrado, followed by the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, Caatinga, Pantanal, and Pampa.
RESUMEN
Silver materials are known to present excellent properties, such as high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as chemical stability. Silver-based inks have drawn a lot of attention for being compatible with various substrates, which can be used in the production uniform and stable pseudo-reference electrodes with low curing temperatures. Furthermore, the interest in the use of disposable electrodes has been increasing due to the low cost and the possibility of their use in point-of-care and point-of-need situations. Thus, in this work, two new inks were developed using Ag as conductive material and colorless polymers (nail polish (NP) and shellac (SL)), and applied to different substrates (screen-printed electrodes, acetate sheets, and 3D-printed electrodes) to verify the performance of the proposed inks. Measurements attained with open circuit potential (OCP) attested to the stability of the potential of the pseudo-reference proposed for 1 h. Analytical curves for ß-estradiol were also obtained using the devices prepared with the proposed inks as pseudo-references electrodes, which presented satisfactory results concerning the potential stability (RSD < 2.6%). These inks are simple to prepare and present great alternatives for the development of pseudo-reference electrodes useful in the construction of disposable electrochemical systems.
Asunto(s)
Tinta , Plata , Electrodos , Estradiol , Polímeros/química , Plata/químicaRESUMEN
Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) is a strategic field of study that seeks to provide a coastal country with an effective monitoring of its maritime resources and its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). In this scope, a Maritime Monitoring System (MMS) aims to leverage active surveillance of military and non-military activities at sea using sensing devices such as radars, optronics, automatic Identification Systems (AISs), and IoT, among others. However, deploying a nation-scale MMS imposes great challenges regarding the scalability and cybersecurity of this heterogeneous system. Aiming to address these challenges, this work explores the use of blockchain to leverage MMS cybersecurity and to ensure the integrity, authenticity, and availability of relevant navigation data. We propose a prototype built on a permissioned blockchain solution using HyperLedger Fabric-a robust, modular, and efficient open-source blockchain platform. We evaluate this solution's performance through a practical experiment where the prototype receives sensing data from a Software-Defined-Radio (SDR)-based low-cost AIS receiver built with a Raspberry Pi. In order to reduce scalability attrition, we developed a dockerized blockchain client easily deployed on a large scale. Furthermore, we determined, through extensive experimentation, the client optimal hardware configuration, also aiming to reduce implementation and maintenance costs. The performance results provide a quantitative analysis of the blockchain technology overhead and its impact in terms of Quality of Service (QoS), demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of our solution in the scope of an MMS using AIS data.
Asunto(s)
Cadena de Bloques , Seguridad Computacional , Humanos , Monitoreo Fisiológico , Programas Informáticos , TecnologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The worldwide outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has already caused a substantial public health burden. Increasing number of studies linked obesity to more severe COVID-19 consequence and mortality, challenging health systems worldwide, especially in emerging countries like Brazil. Herein, we aimed to search the literature and present the current intersection between obesity and COVID-19 in the Brazilian population. METHODS: One hundred twenty-five articles were initially searched after duplicate removal, and nine were finally included in our analysis. RESULTS: Our findings emphasized the magnitude of COVID-19 infection in Brazil and the impact of obesity as a risk factor that aggravates the prognosis of outpatients or hospitalized patients. We also demonstrated social aspects of COVID-19 that could act enhancing the obesity condition in Latin American countries. CONCLUSIONS: A more careful look at the available data could help to understand better the dynamic between obesity and COVID-19, focusing on the Brazilian population and could eventually guide management strategies and therapies for COVID-19 in the future.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19/epidemiología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Comorbilidad , Países en Desarrollo , Humanos , Factores de Riesgo , SARS-CoV-2 , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Wheat blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae Triticum lineage, is a major constraint to wheat production, mainly in the tropics of Brazil, where severe epidemics have been more frequent. We analyzed disease and wheat yield data from 42 uniform field trials conducted over 9 years (2012 to 2020) to assess whether the percent control and yield response were influenced by fungicide type, region (tropical or subtropical), and year. Six treatments were selected, all evaluated in at least 19 trials. Two fungicides were applied as solo active ingredients (MANCozeb, and TEBUconazole), and four were premixes (AZOXystrobin plus TEBU, TriFLoXystrobin plus PROThioconazole, TFLX plus TEBU, and PYRAclostrobin plus EPOXiconazole). Percent control, calculated from back-transforming estimates by a meta-analysis network model fitted to the log of the means, ranged from 43 to 58%, with all but PYRA plus EPOX showing efficacy >52% on average, not differing among them. The variation in both efficacy and yield response was explained by region, and all but TEBU performed better in the subtropics than in the tropics. Yield response from using three sequential sprays was approximately two times greater in the subtropics (319 to 532 kg/ha) than in the tropics (149 to 241.3 kg/ha). No significant decline in fungicide efficacy or yield response was observed in 9 years of study for any of the fungicides. These results reinforce the need to improve control by adopting an integrated management approach in the tropics given poorer performance and lower profitability, especially for the premixes, than in the subtropics.
Asunto(s)
Fungicidas Industriales , Brasil , Fungicidas Industriales/farmacología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , TriticumRESUMEN
This work presents a novel procedure involving the sequential chemical treatment to generate reduced graphene oxide (rGO) within 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) electrodes and their potential applications for sensing and biosensing. A new configuration of a compact all-3D-printed electrochemical device containing the three electrodes is presented, in which the working electrode was treated to generate rGO within PLA (rGO-PLA) after treatment within NaBH4. The rGO-PLA electrodes presented a notable current increase for the redox probe ferrocene-methanol in comparison with the same surface treated by dimethylformamide immersion. Also, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopic data that presented the lowest resistance to electron transfer for the proposed electrode. The electrochemical experiments were in accordance with Raman spectra and surface roughness obtained by atomic force microscopy images. As proofs-of-concept, the rGO-PLA electrode was applied for serotonin determination in synthetic urine using differential-pulse voltammetry with a limit of detection of 0.032 µmol L-1. Also, the second application involved the fabrication of a tyrosinase-based biosensor capable of determining catechol in natural water samples with a limit of detection of 0.26 µmol L-1. Based on both applications, the 3D-printed rGO-PLA showed to be an excellent platform for sensing and biosensing purposes.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas Biosensibles , Grafito , Técnicas Electroquímicas , Electrodos , Poliésteres , Impresión TridimensionalRESUMEN
White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a yield-limiting disease of soybean in Brazil. Uniform fungicide trials have been conducted annually since 2009. Data from 74 cooperative field trials conducted over a 10-year period were assembled. We selected five fungicides applied two times around flowering: dimoxystrobin plus boscalid (DIMO+BOSC), carbendazim plus procymidone (CARB+PROC), fluazinam (FLUZ), fluopyram (FLUO), and procymidone (PROC). For comparison, thiophanate-methyl (TMET) applied four times was also included as a low-cost treatment. Network models were fitted to the log of white mold incidence (percentages) and log of sclerotia mass data (grams/hectare) and to the nontransformed yield data (kilograms/hectare) for each treatment, including the untreated check. Back-transformation of the meta-analytic estimates indicated that the lowest and highest mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) percent reductions in incidence and sclerotia mass were 54.2 (49.3 to 58.7) and 51.6% (43.7 to 58.3) for TMET and 83.8 (79.1 to 87.5) and 87% (81.9 to 91.6) for CARB+PROC, respectively. The overall mean (95% CI) yield responses ranged from 323 kg/ha (247.4 to 400.3) for TMET to 626 kg/ha (521.7 to 731.7) for DIMO+BOSC, but the variance was significantly reduced by a binary variable (30% threshold) describing disease incidence in the untreated check. On average, an increment of 352 kg/ha was estimated for trials where the incidence was >30% compared with the low-disease scenario. Hence, the probability of breaking even on fungicide costs for the high-disease scenario was >65% for the more effective, but more expensive fungicide (FLUZ) than TMET. For the low-disease scenario, profitability was less likely and depended more on variations in fungicide cost and soybean price.
Asunto(s)
Ascomicetos , Fungicidas Industriales , Glycine max , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Agricultura , Ascomicetos/efectos de los fármacos , Brasil , Fungicidas Industriales/economía , Fungicidas Industriales/farmacología , Fungicidas Industriales/normas , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Glycine max/microbiologíaRESUMEN
The mealybug Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) has recently been detected in vineyards in southern Brazil. The ant Linepithema micans (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is the most abundant and frequent species in these vineyards, acting mainly as a disperser of the native soil scale, the ground pearl Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae). This study evaluated the interactions (dispersal and predation) of L. micans with P. ficus. The first experiment evaluated the interaction between L. micans and P. ficus in a greenhouse, using Paulsen 1103 rootstock (Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris) planted in pots. Plants were infested by 1) adult females of P. ficus, and 2) adult females of P. ficus and L. micans, and all mealybugs remaining after the experimental period were counted. To evaluate P. ficus predation by L. micans, two laboratory experiments were conducted (25°C, 80% relative humidity). In the first experiment, sprouted potatoes were infested with ovisacs, first-instar nymphs and adult females of P. ficus and evaluated in three treatments: 1) L. micans fed with carbohydrate and protein, 2) L. micans without food, and 3) without ants present. In the second, potatoes were infested only with first-instar nymphs of P. ficus and were exposed in two treatments: 1) L. micans without food, and 2) without ants present. The results were evaluated by counting the remaining mealybugs, with and without ants. The results showed that L. micans does not transport P. ficus, and predates on first-instar nymphs of the mealybug.
Asunto(s)
Distribución Animal , Hormigas , Hemípteros , Conducta Predatoria , Animales , Femenino , VitisRESUMEN
Copper (Cu) at ancient metallurgy sites represents the earliest instance of anthropogenically generated metal pollution. Such sites are spread across a wide range of environments from Eurasia to South America, and provide a unique opportunity to investigate the past and present extent and impact of metalworking contamination. Establishing the concentration and extent of soil Cu at archaeometallurgy sites can enhance archaeological interpretations of site use but can also, more fundamentally, provide an initial indication of contamination risk from such sites. Systematic evaluations of total soil Cu concentrations at ancient metalworking sites have not been conducted, due in part to the limitations of conventional laboratory-based protocols. In this paper, we first review what is known about Cu soil concentrations at ancient metallurgy sites. We then assess the benefits and challenges of portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) as an alternative, rapid technique for the assessment of background and contaminant levels of Cu in soils. We conclude that pXRF is an effective tool for identifying potential contamination. Finally, we provide an overview of some major considerations beyond total Cu concentrations, such as bioavailability assessments, that will need to be considered at such sites to move toward a complete assessment of environmental and human risk.
Asunto(s)
Cobre , Metalurgia , Contaminantes del Suelo , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Humanos , Riesgo , Suelo , América del Sur , Rayos XRESUMEN
AIM: The aim of this study was to test the mediating role of the satisfaction of dental students' basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness on the association between learning climate, feedback and student motivation. The latter was based on the self-determination theory's concepts of differentiation of autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation. METHODS: A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted where 924 students completed self-reported questionnaires measuring motivation, perception of the learning climate, feedback and basic psychological needs satisfaction. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha scores and bivariate correlations were computed. Mediation of basic needs on each predictor-outcome association was tested based on a series of regression analyses. Finally, all variables were integrated into one structural equation model, controlling for the effects of age, gender and year of study. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha scores were acceptable (.655 to .905). Correlation analyses showed positive and significant associations between both an autonomy-supportive learning climate and the quantity and quality of feedback received, and students' autonomous motivation, which decreased and became negative when correlated with controlled motivation and amotivation, respectively. Regression analyses revealed that these associations were indirect and mediated by how these predictors satisfied students' basic psychological needs. These results were corroborated by the structural equation analysis, in which data fit the model well and regression paths were in the expected direction. CONCLUSION: An autonomy-supportive learning climate and the quantity and quality of feedback were positive predictors of students' autonomous motivation and negative predictors of amotivation. However, this was an indirect association mediated by the satisfaction of students' basic psychological needs. Consequently, supporting students' needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness might lead to optimal types of motivation, which has an important influence on dental education.
Asunto(s)
Educación en Odontología , Retroalimentación Formativa , Aprendizaje , Motivación , Autonomía Personal , Satisfacción Personal , Estudiantes de Odontología/psicología , Chile , Competencia Clínica , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Funciones de Verosimilitud , Masculino , Análisis de RegresiónRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Purpose Zygomatic implants (ZI) constitute a suitable alternative for treating severe maxillary atrophy. However, a large number of complications associated with ZI have been reported in the literature. This paper presents the late complications associated with ZI during 12 years of experience in the same institution. Materials and methods All cases of ZI from 2000 to 2013 were retrospectively evaluated and the major complications relating to this type of rehabilitation were selected to report. Results The major complications found were: loss of implant, loss of osseointegration, bucco-sinusal communication, fenestration of alveolar mucosa, sinus pathology, and emergency palate fixations. Conclusion The clinical experience of the dental surgeon is critical in the success of zygomatic fixation. Furthermore, there should be careful planning of rehabilitation to reduce the rate of complications.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Cigoma/cirugía , Enfermedades Maxilares/cirugía , Prótesis Dental de Soporte Implantado/efectos adversos , Implantación Dental Endoósea/efectos adversos , Atrofia , Enfermedades Maxilares/rehabilitación , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estudios de Seguimiento , Fracaso de la Restauración DentalRESUMEN
This study aims to evaluate the effects of maghemite nanoparticles (γ-Fe2O3) coated with meso-2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) stabilizer on the survival and reproduction of the aquatic snail Biomphalaria glabrata. The cumulative means of egg masses and eggs per individual in the control group at the end of 4 weeks were 18.8 and 326.7, respectively. These values at the concentration of 1 mg/L were 17.2 and 291.6; at 10 mg/L, they were 19.6 and 334.4 ,and at 100 mg/L, they were 14.3 and 311.1. Results showed no significant differences between the tested and the control groups at the level of p < 0.05. Exposure of embryos for 10 days showed absence of mortality, malformation, or hatching delay. X-ray microtomography confirmed the presence of nanoparticles in exposed individuals and showed the complete elimination of the nanoparticles after 30 days in clean water. In the studied conditions, it is clear that γ-Fe2O3 coated with stabilizing DMSA did not alter the fecundity or the fertility of the snail B. glabrata after 4 weeks of exposure, and accumulation was not present after 30 days in clean water.
Asunto(s)
Biomphalaria/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos Férricos/farmacología , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Animales , Compuestos Férricos/química , Fertilidad/efectos de los fármacos , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
O envolvimento do trato gastrointestinal por metástase de melanoma é uma entidade rara, sendo o intestino delgado o sítio mais comum. Comumente esses pacientes são assintomáticos ou manifestam sintomas inespecíficos. A ressecção das metástases pode proporcionar tratamento paliativo com alivio imediato dos sintomas. É essencial o diagnóstico precoce, quando essa medida ainda é potencialmente curativa. Este estudo relata um caso de obstrução intestinal por intussuscepção secundário à metástase por melanoma em um paciente jovem...
Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract by metastatic melanoma is a rare disease, the small bowel being the most common site. Commonly these patients are asymptomatic or manifest nonspecific symptoms.The resection of the metastases can provide palliative treatment with immediate relief of symptoms. Early diagnosis is essential if the measure is still potentially curative. This study reports a case of intestinal obstruction by intussusception secondary to metastatic melanoma in by a young patient...
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Abdomen Agudo , Intususcepción , Melanoma , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Obstrucción IntestinalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. These proteins participate in thermogenesis and energy expenditure. This study aimed to evaluate how UCP1 and UCP3 expression influences substrate oxidation and elicits possible changes in body composition in patients submitted to bariatric surgery. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This is a longitudinal study comprising 13 women with obesity grade III that underwent bariatric surgery and 10 healthy weight individuals (control group). Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Carbohydrate and fat oxidation was determined by indirect calorimetry. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected for gene expression analysis. QPCR was used to evaluate UCP1 and UCP3 expression. RESULTS: Obese patients and the control group differed significantly in terms of lipid and carbohydrate oxidation. Six months after bariatric surgery, the differences disappeared. Lipid oxidation correlated with the percentage of fat mass in the postoperative period. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the UCP1 and UCP3 genes contributed to lipid and carbohydrate oxidation. Additionally, UCP3 expression was associated with BMI, percentage of lean body mass, and percentage of mass in the postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: UCP1 and UCP3 expression is associated with lipid and carbohydrate oxidation in patients submitted to bariatric surgery. In addition, UCP3 participates in body composition modulation six months postoperatively.
Asunto(s)
Composición Corporal , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Canales Iónicos/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Proteínas Mitocondriales/metabolismo , Adiposidad , Adulto , Antropometría , Cirugía Bariátrica , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Oxidación-Reducción , Proteína Desacopladora 1 , Proteína Desacopladora 3RESUMEN
The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was the largest maritime oil spill in history resulting in the accumulation of genotoxic substances in the air, soil, and water. This has potential far-reaching health impacts on cleanup field workers and on the populations living in the contaminated coastal areas. We have employed portable airborne particulate matter samplers (SKC Biosampler Impinger) and a genetically engineered bacterial reporter system (umu-ChromoTest from EBPI) to determine levels of genotoxicity of air samples collected from highly contaminated areas of coastal Louisiana including Grand Isle, Port Fourchon, and Elmer's Island in the spring, summer and fall of 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014. Air samples collected from a non-contaminated area, Sea Rim State Park, Texas, served as a control for background airborne genotoxic particles. In comparison to controls, air samples from the contaminated areas demonstrated highly significant increases in genotoxicity with the highest values registered during the month of July in 2011, 2013, and 2014, in all three locations. This seasonal trend was disrupted in 2012, when the highest genotoxicity values were detected in October, which correlated with hurricane Isaac landfall in late August of 2012, about five weeks before a routine collection of fall air samples. Our data demonstrate: (i) high levels of air genotoxicity in the monitored areas over last four years post DWH oil spill; (ii) airborne particulate genotoxicity peaks in summers and correlates with high temperatures and high humidity; and (iii) this seasonal trend was disrupted by the hurricane Isaac landfall, which further supports the concept of a continuous negative impact of the oil spill in this region.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Mutágenos/análisis , Material Particulado/análisis , Contaminación por Petróleo/efectos adversos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Golfo de México , Louisiana , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
The representatives of the genus Hylesia Hübner, [1820] are significant among the medically important Lepidoptera. Adult females use abdominal setae to wrap and protect the eggs that remain for months in nature. These setae, in contact with human skin, may cause allergic reactions including swelling, itching and local erythema, known as lepidopterism. The morphology of the abdominal scales and setae from the female H. oratex Dyar, 1913 is herein described and aspects related to their medical significance are discussed. Portions of each abdominal segment were examined through a scanning electron microscope. Two types of scales without medical importance, and two types of setae with medical importance, classified as "true setae" and "modified setae" were found. The true setae, which are slightly fusiform and have radially arranged lateral projections, are responsible for the allergic reactions caused by skin penetration. The modified setae, which are larger, curved, with the median enlarged and serrated margins, can be responsible for the release of chemical substances. This information provides a better understanding of the structure of the urticating setae, which are responsible for lepidopterism outbreaks in humans, and contributes towards the identification of the moth species involved.
Asunto(s)
Abdomen/anatomía & histología , Mariposas Nocturnas/ultraestructura , Receptores Notch/ultraestructura , Animales , Femenino , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Mariposas Nocturnas/clasificaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of new 1,4-naphthoquinone- 1,2,3-triazoles, named C2 to C8 triazole derivatives, towards human cancer cell lines. METHODS: The effect on cell viability was assessed by MTT and propidium iodide assays. The cytotoxic effect of C2 and C3 in K562 and HL-60 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Western blot and q-PCR procedures were also performed. KEY FINDINGS: C2 and C3 inhibited both K562 and HL-60 cells growth in a concentration-dependent manner. C2 presented the highest cytotoxic activity with an IC50 of approximately 14 µm and 41 µm for HL-60 and K562 cells, respectively, while being less toxic to normal peripheral blood monocyte cells. Both derivatives induced cellular changes in HL-60 cells, characteristic of apoptosis, such as mitochondrial membrane depolarization, phosphatidylserine externalization, increasing sub-G1 phase, DNA fragmentation, downregulating Bcl-2 protein and upregulating Bax protein. In K562 cells, C2 and C3 induced S-phase arrest of cell cycle, which was associated with upregulation of p21. The effect of these derivatives in HL-60 cells can be related to the ROS intracellular level. CONCLUSION: Taken together our results showed that C2 and C3 triazole derivatives presented the best potential for drug design.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Leucemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Naftoquinonas/farmacología , Triazoles/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Fragmentación del ADN , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Células HL-60 , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Células K562 , Leucemia/metabolismo , Leucemia/patología , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial/efectos de los fármacos , Estructura Molecular , Naftoquinonas/química , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Puntos de Control de la Fase S del Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triazoles/químicaRESUMEN
Ecological speciation is well-known from adaptive radiations in cichlid fishes inhabiting lentic ecosystems throughout the African rift valley and Central America. Here, we investigate the ecological and morphological diversification of a recently discovered lotic predatory Neotropical cichlid species flock in subtropical South America. We document morphological and functional diversification using geometric morphometrics, stable C and N isotopes, stomach contents and character evolution. This species flock displays species-specific diets and skull and pharyngeal jaw morphology. Moreover, this lineage appears to have independently evolved away from piscivory multiple times and derived forms are highly specialized morphologically and functionally relative to ancestral states. Ecological speciation played a fundamental role in this radiation and our data reveal novel conditions of ecological speciation including a species flock that evolved: 1) in a piscivorous lineage, 2) under lotic conditions and 3) with pronounced morphological novelties, including hypertrophied lips that appear to have evolved rapidly.