RESUMEN
This article briefly discusses the antibacterial action ofcetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and its efficacy in the removal of bacterial plaque as an adjunct to the mechanical cleaning of tooth surfaces. It reviews new studies on the effectiveness of mouthwash formulations containing CPC against two common oral bacteria species and in disrupting plaque biofilms. Finally, this article reviews three clinical studies which support that the daily use of mouthwashes containing 0.075% CPC, with and without alcohol, represents a valuable complement to daily mechanical plaque control.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antiinfecciosos Locales/uso terapéutico , Cetilpiridinio/uso terapéutico , Placa Dental/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Encías/prevención & control , Antisépticos Bucales/uso terapéutico , Antiinfecciosos Locales/química , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Cetilpiridinio/química , Química Farmacéutica , Placa Dental/microbiología , Etanol , Humanos , Antisépticos Bucales/química , Vehículos FarmacéuticosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the ability of three CPC-containing mouthwashes to kill planktonic bacteria in an in vitro short-exposure assay. METHODS: This blind study was conducted on two common oral bacterial species: Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans and Streptococcus mutans. The following mouthwashes were tested: two containing 0.075% CPC and 0.05% NaF in an alcohol-free base, and one containing 0.075% CPC and 0.05% NaF plus 6% alcohol. Additionally, a 0.05% NaF-only mouthwash was included as a negative control. Bacteria were exposed to one of the test mouthwashes for 30 seconds and then washed thoroughly, serially diluted, and plated on appropriate media to determine viable bacterial counts. Viable counts were converted to a log reduction in colony forming units (CFUs) relative to the negative control. RESULTS: All three test mouthwashes included in this study gave a statistically significant reduction of > 3 log CFUs relative to samples treated with the negative control. CONCLUSION: All three experimental 0.075% CPC mouthwash formulas gave a > 99.9% reduction in viable bacteria of both species following 30 seconds of treatment.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos Locales/farmacología , Cetilpiridinio/farmacología , Antisépticos Bucales/farmacología , Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antiinfecciosos Locales/administración & dosificación , Carga Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Cariostáticos/farmacología , Cetilpiridinio/administración & dosificación , Etanol , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales , Viabilidad Microbiana/efectos de los fármacos , Vehículos Farmacéuticos , Método Simple Ciego , Fluoruro de Sodio/farmacología , Streptococcus mutans/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
A cross-functional team was assembled to take on the project of developing a toothbrush that could deliver a "whole mouth clean." As such, this brush needed to not only demonstrate superior plaque removal from teeth, it also needed to provide a means for safe cleaning of soft oral tissues. During use, the brush needed to be comfortable both in hand and in mouth, and it required contemporary esthetics to help drive consumer acceptance. This article will take the reader through the full development cycle of the new toothbrush, identifying the proposed benefit of each brush feature along the way. Where appropriate, care was taken to identify the specific insights leading to the development of several new features not previously seen in commercial toothbrushes. This article also will attempt to demonstrate the value of forming new product development teams with representatives of multiple functional areas, including marketing, product development, advanced technology, clinical, engineering, and manufacturing.
Asunto(s)
Dispositivos para el Autocuidado Bucal , Cepillado Dental/instrumentación , Depósitos Dentarios/prevención & control , Investigación Dental , Diseño de Equipo , HumanosRESUMEN
A clinical study was done to evaluate the performance of four toothbrushes on the removal of desquamated epithelial cells after brushing according to the manufacturers' instructions for use. This randomized, crossover-design clinical study compared a new manual toothbrush (Colgate 360 degrees) to two commercially available manual toothbrushes (Oral-B CrossAction and Oral-B Indicator) and a commercially available battery-powered toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush PRO). Adult men and women subjects reported to the clinical facility after a 1-week "washout" period of brushing with a regular fluoride dentifrice and a soft-bristled toothbrush. Participants reported having refrained from oral hygiene procedures, eating, and drinking that morning. After providing a baseline rinse sample, subjects brushed their teeth for 1 minute with their assigned toothbrush and a commercially available fluoride toothpaste, then returned 30 minutes later to provide postuse rinse samples. Subjects refrained from dental hygiene, eating, and drinking during the 30-minute evaluation period. To provide the samples, subjects rinsed with 10 mL of sterile phosphate-buffered saline solution for 10 seconds. Each collected sample was centrifuged, resuspended, and run in a colorimetric assay to determine the level of desquamated epithelial cells found in the rinse as measured by the absorbance at 570 nm. Twenty adults completed the study. At baseline, the mean levels of desquamated epithelial cells for the 4 treatments were 0.70+/-0.27, 0.63+/-0.20, 0.69+/-0.30, and 0.62+/-0.31 for the Colgate 360 degrees, Oral-B Indicator, Crest SpinBrush PRO, and Oral-B CrossAction, respectively. Posttreatment, the mean levels of epithelial cells were 0.19, 0.38, 0.42, and 0.34, respectively. All of the treatments provided a statistically significant reduction compared to their respective baseline. In addition, the Colgate 360 degrees toothbrush was statistically significantly better than the other three toothbrushes in reducing desquamated epithelial cells. Therefore, the results of this randomized, crossover clinical study indicate that the newly designed Colgate 360 degrees manual toothbrush, with a tongue-cleaning implement on the back of the brush head, was statistically significantly more effective than the Oral-B Indicator, Crest SpinBrush PRO, and Oral-B CrossAction toothbrushes in removing desquamated epithelial cells.
Asunto(s)
Dispositivos para el Autocuidado Bucal , Células Epiteliales , Cepillado Dental/instrumentación , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Recuento de Células , Estudios Cruzados , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mucosa Bucal/citología , Lengua/citologíaRESUMEN
The objective of this randomized, crossover study was to compare the effectiveness of a newly designed manual toothbrush (Colgate 360 degrees) to two commercially available manual toothbrushes (Oral-B Indicator and Oral-B CrossAction) and a battery-powered toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush PRO) for their ability to reduce hydrogen-sulfide-forming bacteria on the tongue. After a washout period, subjects arrived at the clinical site for baseline sampling without performing dental hygiene, eating, or drinking. Subjects sampled the left side of their tongue with a cotton swab. Subjects brushed for 1 minute with the assigned test toothbrush and regular fluoride toothpaste. Those using the Colgate 360 degrees toothbrush were instructed to clean their tongue with the implement on the back of the brush head for 10 seconds. After 2 hours, the subjects returned to the clinical site having refrained from dental hygiene, eating, and drinking for posttreatment sampling, this time sampling the right side of their tongue. After a minimum 2-day washout period, subjects repeated the same regimen using the other toothbrushes. Collected tongue samples were dispersed in sterile water, serially diluted in sterile phosphate-buffered saline, and plated in duplicate onto lead acetate agar. When plated on this medium, bacteria that produce hydrogen sulfide appear as dark-pigmented colonies. After 72 hours of incubation, the dark colonies were counted, expressed as log colony-forming units/mL, and reduction from baseline was calculated. Thirty-one adult men and women completed the clinical study. There was no significant difference between baseline hydrogen-sulfide-forming bacteria levels. Posttreatment, the log reduction of bacteria was 0.80, 0.41, 0.33, and 0.44 for the Colgate 360 degrees, Oral-B Indicator, Crest SpinBrush PRO, and Oral-B CrossAction, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the Colgate 360 toothbrush was statistically significantly better (P < .05) than the 3 commercial toothbrushes in reducing the levels of hydrogen-sulfide-forming bacteria on the tongue.
Asunto(s)
Dispositivos para el Autocuidado Bucal , Halitosis/microbiología , Halitosis/prevención & control , Lengua/microbiología , Cepillado Dental/instrumentación , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Estudios Cruzados , Femenino , Humanos , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno/análisis , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
The objective of this randomized, crossover study was to compare the effectiveness of a newly designed manual toothbrush (Colgate 360 degrees) to two commercially available manual toothbrushes (Oral-B Indicator and Oral-B CrossAction) and a battery-powered toothbrush (Crest SpinBrush PRO) for their ability to reduce overnight volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) associated with oral malodor. The study followed a four-period crossover design. Following a washout period, prospective subjects arrived at the testing facility without eating, drinking, or performing oral hygiene for baseline evaluation of breath VSC levels. For each phase of the study, subjects were given one of the test tooth-brushes and a tube of regular toothpaste to take home, and they were instructed to brush their teeth in their customary manner for 1 minute. When using the Colgate 360 degrees toothbrush, subjects were instructed to clean their tongue with the implement on the back of the brush head for 10 seconds. The following morning, subjects reported to the testing facility, again without performing oral hygiene, eating, or drinking, for the overnight evaluation. After a minimum 2-day washout period, subjects repeated the same regimen using the other toothbrushes. The levels of breath VSC were evaluated instrumentally using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector. Measurements were taken in duplicate and then averaged. The levels of VSC were expressed as parts per billion (ppb) in mouth air. Sixteen men and women completed the study. At baseline, the mean levels of VSC in mouth air for the 4 toothbrushes were 719.8 ppb+/-318.4 ppb, 592.8 ppb+/-264.6 ppb, 673.8 ppb+/-405.9 ppb, and 656.2 ppb+/-310.2 ppb for the Colgate 360 degrees, Oral-B Indicator, Crest SpinBrush PRO, and Oral-B CrossAction, respectively. Overnight, the mean breath VSC levels after using the four toothbrushes were lower than those observed at baseline. The respective mean levels of breath VSC were 266.5 ppb+/-269.9 ppb, 545.2 ppb+/-346.1 ppb, 567 ppb+/-335.7 ppb, and 554.6 ppb+/-398.4 ppb. Only the Colgate 360 degrees toothbrush provided a statistically significant reduction (P < .05) in breath VSC vs baseline. Additionally, the Colgate 360 degrees toothbrush was statistically significantly better (P < .05) than the three commercial toothbrushes in reducing breath VSC. Therefore, the results of this randomized, crossover clinical study indicate that a newly designed manual toothbrush with a tongue-cleaning implement on the back of the brush head was significantly more effective than three commercially available toothbrushes in reducing morning breath VSC associated with oral malodor.
Asunto(s)
Dispositivos para el Autocuidado Bucal , Halitosis/terapia , Compuestos de Azufre/análisis , Lengua/química , Cepillado Dental/instrumentación , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Pruebas Respiratorias , Cromatografía de Gases , Estudios Cruzados , Células Epiteliales/química , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
In the early 1990s, a breakthrough toothpaste, Colgate Total, was launched with documented long-lasting activity against plaque, gingivitis, calculus, tooth decay, and bad breath. The technology behind this toothpaste is the combination of triclosan, a polyvinylmethylether/maleic acid copolymer, and sodium fluoride. The copolymer ensures maximal oral retention and subsequent release of the antibacterial triclosan. Effective levels of triclosan have been observed in the oral cavity 12 hours after brushing the teeth, allowing prolonged control of oral bacteria that may cause the most common dental problems, including bad breath. Similarly, the enhanced retention of triclosan to oral surfaces after using this revolutionary toothpaste for up to 2 years has led to significantly reduced incremental coronal caries compared to an American Dental Association-Approved anticavity fluoride toothpaste. Furthermore, significantly less calcium remained in dental plaque after brushing the teeth with the triclosan/copolymer toothpaste, resulting in the formation of less tartar. In keeping with the multiple oral health benefits provided by Colgate Total, consumers are now offered a new dentifrice, Colgate Total Advanced Fresh, which provides the numerous therapeutic and esthetic benefits that are the hallmark of Colgate Total. The new dentifrice, which contains an impactful breath-freshening flavor, has been documented to provide sustained control of bad breath over 12 hours.
Asunto(s)
Dentífricos , Halitosis/terapia , Pastas de Dientes , Antiinfecciosos Locales/química , Antiinfecciosos Locales/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias/metabolismo , Cariostáticos/química , Mezclas Complejas , Dentífricos/química , Dentífricos/farmacología , Dentífricos/uso terapéutico , Combinación de Medicamentos , Aromatizantes , Fluoruros , Humanos , Maleatos/química , Maleatos/farmacología , Boca/microbiología , Polietilenos/química , Polietilenos/farmacología , Ácido Silícico , Dióxido de Silicio , Fluoruro de Sodio/química , Compuestos de Azufre/metabolismo , Pastas de Dientes/química , Pastas de Dientes/farmacología , Pastas de Dientes/uso terapéutico , Triclosán/química , Triclosán/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Generally, clinical studies using organoleptic judges, gas chromatography, or a sulfide monitor have been employed in the assessment of treatments for the control of oral malodor. However, these studies can be expensive and time consuming. Also, for agents whose safety has not been proven, these methods are not appropriate. Therefore, in vitro assessment is a critical step toward developing a new technology or implementing changes to an existing formula. The in vitro methods employed in this study combined basic microbiology methods, such as growth inhibition and zone of inhibition experiments. In addition, a newly developed, in vitro, volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) experiment that combined the essential elements of zone of inhibition, head space analysis, and dynamic flow cell techniques was also employed. The in vitro VSC method has been validated using technologies clinically proven to control oral malodor. All in vitro experiments have demonstrated that Colgate Total Advanced Fresh toothpaste has efficacy similar to that of the original Colgate Total toothpaste and that both variants showed superior efficacy to the control toothpaste. These results have been corroborated by clinical study results.
Asunto(s)
Actinomyces/efectos de los fármacos , Película Dental/microbiología , Dentífricos/farmacología , Compuestos de Azufre/metabolismo , Pastas de Dientes/farmacología , Actinomyces/metabolismo , Mezclas Complejas , Femenino , Fluoruros , Humanos , Masculino , Ácido Silícico , Dióxido de Silicio , Fluoruro de Sodio , TriclosánRESUMEN
The objective of this double-blind clinical study was to compare the long-lasting overnight (10- to 12-hour) and 4-hour effects of Colgate Total Advanced Fresh toothpaste to a commercial fluoridated breath-freshening dentifrice in controlling the level of mouth-odor-causing bacteria. Thirty-two adult men and women from New Jersey participated in the randomized, crossover design clinical study. After a 1-week "washout" period of brushing with a regular fluoride dentifrice, subjects refrained from dental hygiene, eating, and drinking in preparation for the morning visit. After providing a baseline salivary sample, subjects were issued a soft-bristled toothbrush and instructed to brush their teeth twice a day (once in the morning and once before bed) for 1 minute with the assigned test dentifrice. After a 7-day product use cycle, the subjects returned to the test site, having refrained from dental hygiene, eating, and drinking. Subjects provided an overnight salivary sample (10 to 12 hours postbrushing). Subjects then ate, brushed for 1 minute with the assigned dentifrice, and returned for 2- and 4-hour postbrushing evaluations. Subjects refrained from dental hygiene, eating, or drinking during the 4-hour evaluation period. To collect the oral microflora samples, subjects rinsed with 10 mL of sterile water for 10 seconds and deposited their samples into sterile tubes. Each collected sample was serially diluted in sterile phosphate-buffered saline and duplicate-plated onto lead acetate agar. When plated onto this medium, mouth-odor-causing bacteria that produce hydrogen sulfide appear as dark pigmented colonies. After 96 hours of incubation, hydrogen-sulfide-producing bacteria were counted, expressed as log colony-forming units per milliliter, and reduction from baseline was calculated. The results of this clinical study support the conclusion that Colgate Total Advanced Fresh provides a significantly greater reduction in mouth-odor-causing bacteria than a commercial fluoridated breath-freshening dentifrice (P < or = 0.05).
Asunto(s)
Dentífricos/uso terapéutico , Halitosis/microbiología , Halitosis/terapia , Pastas de Dientes/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias/metabolismo , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Mezclas Complejas , Estudios Cruzados , Dentífricos/farmacología , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Masculino , Saliva/microbiología , Ácido Silícico , Dióxido de Silicio , Fluoruro de Sodio , Pastas de Dientes/farmacología , TriclosánRESUMEN
Volatile sulfur compounds are known to be major contributors to oral malodor, and their detection by gas chromatography (GC) is a commonly used method for evaluating breath odor in clinical trials. A custom-designed breath-sampling GC system was developed for this purpose. A clinical study was performed to compare the performance of this instrumental method to organoleptic evaluation by trained odor judges. A statistically significant correlation was found between the measured levels of volatile sulfurs and the ratings of the odor judges. Both methods performed similarly in evaluating the breath-freshening effects of two test products. These results demonstrate the strength of the GC method for evaluating breath odor and predicting the breath-freshening effects of oral-care products.
Asunto(s)
Pruebas Respiratorias/métodos , Halitosis/terapia , Compuestos de Azufre/análisis , Adulto , Cromatografía de Gases , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
The objective of this randomized, crossover study was to compare the effectiveness of Colgate Total Advanced Fresh toothpaste to a commercially available breath-freshening dentifrice containing fluoride for its ability to reduce volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) responsible for breath odor overnight. The study followed a two-treatment, two-period crossover design. Subjects were given a test product, along with a soft-bristled toothbrush, and instructed to brush their teeth for 1 minute, twice daily (once in the morning and the evening) using the assigned dentifrice for 7 consecutive days. After their evening brushing on the seventh day, subjects reported to the testing facility without oral hygiene, eating, or drinking for the overnight evaluation. After a washout period, subjects repeated the same regimen, now using the other test product. The levels of breath VSC were evaluated instrumentally using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector.