RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There are many communities around the world that are exposed to high levels of particulate matter <10 µm (PM10) of geogenic (earth derived) origin. Mineral dusts in the occupational setting are associated with poor lung health, however very little is known about the impact of heterogeneous community derived particles. We have preliminary evidence to suggest that the concentration of iron (Fe) may be associated with the lung inflammatory response to geogenic PM10. We aimed to determine which physico-chemical characteristics of community sampled geogenic PM10 are associated with adverse lung responses. METHODS: We collected geogenic PM10 from four towns in the arid regions of Western Australia. Adult female BALB/c mice were exposed to 100 µg of particles and assessed for inflammatory and lung function responses 6 hours, 24 hours and 7 days post-exposure. We assessed the physico-chemical characteristics of the particles and correlated these with lung outcomes in the mice using principal components analysis and multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: Geogenic particles induced an acute inflammatory response that peaked 6 hours post-exposure and a deficit in lung mechanics 7 days post-exposure. This deficit in lung mechanics was positively associated with the concentration of Fe and particle size variability and inversely associated with the concentration of Si. CONCLUSIONS: The lung response to geogenic PM10 is complex and highly dependent on the physico-chemical characteristics of the particles. In particular, the concentration of Fe in the particles may be a key indicator of the potential population health consequences for inhaling geogenic PM10.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Hierro/análisis , Material Particulado/análisis , Neumonía/fisiopatología , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/metabolismo , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/toxicidad , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Citocinas/metabolismo , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Femenino , Geografía , Humanos , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Hierro/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Tamaño de la Partícula , Material Particulado/metabolismo , Material Particulado/toxicidad , Neumonía/etiología , Neumonía/metabolismo , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Respiratorios , Factores de Tiempo , Australia OccidentalRESUMEN
PURPOSE: In LASIK (laser in situ keratomileusis) the thickness of the corneal flap is important since it is the residual corneal bed that determines corneal stability. The introduction of real-time OCT visualisation of the corneal layers during the fs-laser cut should enable the surgeon to control and monitor the position of the plane of laser-tissue-interaction during operation. To prove that optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be useful to guide femtosecond (fs)-laser in Sub-Bowman-Keratomileusis (SBK) an in-vitro experimental study was performed on human autopsy eyes in a research laboratory set-up. METHODS: Five human autopsy eyes, unsuitable for transplantation, received fs-laser keratomileusis (flap) cuts. The laser procedure was controlled in real-time with an OCT system (Thorlabs HL AG, Lübeck, Germany) to ensure that the cut was placed just underneath Bowman's layer. As a control all eyes were dissected histologically (H & E staining) and examined under the light microscope (LM). RESULTS: Videomonitoring of the laser process supported the feasibility of the concept to online monitor the fs-laser cutting process via OCT. A clear distinction of the corneal epithelium was possible in all eyes. Bowman's membrane was not identified in all autopsy eyes at the given resolution of the OCT used in this study. Still, LM sections confirmed that the online monitoring assured a positioning of the cutting plane at minimum distance underneath Bowman's membrane. CONCLUSION: It was proven that real-time OCT monitoring of fs-laser SBK on human eyes is in principle possible.
Asunto(s)
Córnea/citología , Córnea/cirugía , Queratomileusis por Láser In Situ/instrumentación , Queratomileusis por Láser In Situ/métodos , Cirugía Asistida por Computador/métodos , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica/métodos , Sistemas de Computación , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Donantes de TejidosAsunto(s)
Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína/prevención & control , Cocaína/provisión & distribución , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos , Cocaína/economía , Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína/economía , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
We have demonstrated more than 3 W of average output power from a 2.94-mu;m quasi-cw diode-pumped total internal reflection (TIR) Er:YAG laser operating at 100 Hz with a 4% duty cycle. Moreover, repetition rates of up to 600 Hz at more than 1.2-W output power have been achieved. The cavity consists of a plane-mirror resonator of 40-mm length and uses three of five TIR regions within the laser crystal as pump facets to efficiently couple the pump energy into the resonant laser mode. Differential efficiencies of up to 18.3% have been achieved at an optimum pump pulse width in the range of 300 micros .
Asunto(s)
Aborto Legal , Política , Derechos de la Mujer , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Estados Unidos , Derecho de no NacerAsunto(s)
Cuidado del Niño/organización & administración , Hospitales Municipales , Violencia , Boston/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Miedo , Hospitales con 300 a 499 Camas , Humanos , Lactante , Servicio Social , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/epidemiología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/terapia , Población UrbanaAsunto(s)
Enfermería , Percepción Social , Humanos , Relaciones Interprofesionales , Enfermeras y Enfermeros , Médicos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The multiplication of rights--legally enforceable claims on the attention, actions, and resources of others--can carry us only so far. Improvements for the handicapped depend primarily on improving the attitudes of the nonhandicapped majority through appeals to conscience and good will.
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Actitud , Derechos Civiles , Personas con Discapacidad , Ética , Humanos , Legislación como Asunto , Política Pública , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
This editorial originally appeared in the 16 April 1981 edition of The Washington Post. Your Managing Editor was glad to see that there is someone out there waving the flag for science.
RESUMEN
National health policy, confusing the distribution of medicine with health, supports a risk-free society with a right to health. Self-help, rather than new medical technologies, is responsible for improved public health. Individuals must take their health into their own hands and reform their behavior.