RESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to examine whether a new low-cost psychological self-help intervention program with minimal coaching could be effective in improving depressed mood in people with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Thirteen persons with PAD and depressive symptoms participated in the self-help program, grounded in cognitive-behavioral therapy. They completed pre-test, post-test and follow-up questionnaires, including the PHQ-9, to measure symptoms of depression. To evaluate changes in depression scores from pre- to post-test to follow-up measurement, non-parametric repeated measures Wilcoxon signed rank tests were performed. The results showed that participants' depression scores significantly improved from pre-test to post-test and that there was no relapse from post-test to follow-up. The cognitive-behavioral self-help intervention could be an effective tool in people with PAD, to reduce symptoms of depression.
Asunto(s)
Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Depresión/terapia , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/psicología , Autocuidado , Terapia Asistida por Computador , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Motivación , Países Bajos , Cooperación del Paciente , Satisfacción del PacienteRESUMEN
Macrophage scavenger receptors class A (MSR) are thought to play an important role in atherogenesis by mediating the unrestricted uptake of modified lipoproteins by macrophages in the vessel wall leading to foam cell formation. To investigate the in vivo role of the MSR in this process, a transgenic mouse model expressing both isoforms of the human MSR was generated. A 180-kb yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) containing the human MSR gene (MSR1) with 60- and 40-kb flanking sequence at the 5' and 3' end, respectively, was obtained by reducing the size of a 1050-kb YAC by homologous recombination. This 180-kb YAC was microinjected into mouse oocytes. In the resulting transgenic mice, high levels of mRNA for both type I and type II human MSR1 were detected in peritoneal macrophages and trace levels in other organs, known to contain macrophage-derived cells. Using an antibody against the human MSR, the Kupffer cells in the liver were shown to contain the MSR protein. In vivo clearance of acetyl-LDL was not changed in the MSR1-transgenic mice. However, in vitro studies using peritoneal macrophages from the transgenic mice showed a two-fold increased degradation of acetyl-LDL and cholesterolester accumulation concomitant with a four-fold increase in foam cell formation, as compared to wild-type macrophages. Thus, macrophage specific overexpression of the MSR may lead to increased foam cell formation, which is one of the initial and crucial steps in atherogenesis.
Asunto(s)
Cromosomas Artificiales de Levadura/química , Células Espumosas/metabolismo , Macrófagos Peritoneales/metabolismo , Receptores Inmunológicos/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Células Cultivadas , Cromosomas Artificiales de Levadura/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Células Espumosas/patología , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Macrófagos del Hígado/química , Lipoproteínas LDL/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas LDL/farmacocinética , Macrófagos Peritoneales/patología , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ARN Mensajero/análisis , Receptores Inmunológicos/análisis , Receptores Depuradores , Receptores Depuradores de Clase A , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Especificidad de la Especie , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Recently, we have found that rat CMV (RCMV) infected smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in rat carotid arteries when administered 14 days after balloon injury. In the present study we investigated (1) the long term effects of CMV infection on neointimal cross-sectional area, and (2) whether the phenotype of the intimal SMCs influences their susceptibility to active CMV infection. METHODS: In the first part of the study, rats received RCMV intravenously, two weeks after balloon catheterisation of the left carotid artery and were sacrificed twenty weeks after catheterisation. Continuous BrdU infusion was performed by subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps during the last two weeks of life. In the second part RCMV was administered eight weeks after catheterisation and rats were sacrificed two weeks later. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect viral antigens, to determine BrdU incorporation as well as the contents of alpha-actin, desmin and vimentin in the carotid arteries. Intima and media cross-sectional areas were determined using computerized morphometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: RCMV infection did not induce any differences in intima or media cross-sectional areas of the injured carotid artery, nor in the extent of SMC proliferation as shown by BrdU incorporation, 20 weeks after balloon catheterisation. Eight weeks after balloon catheterisation, RCMV no longer infected neointimal SMCs. This non-responsiveness to RCMV was associated with "re-differentiation" of the eight weeks old neointima, compared with two weeks after catheterization, as shown by the contents of alpha-actin, desmin and vimentin. Our data suggest that intimal SMC phenotype determines its susceptibility to active RCMV infection in vivo. Since de-differentiation of neointimal SMCs is associated with enhanced proliferation of these cells it is stated that de-differentiation or proliferation is prerequisite for infection.
Asunto(s)
Traumatismos de las Arterias Carótidas , Cateterismo , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/transmisión , Músculo Liso Vascular/virología , Túnica Íntima/virología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Antígenos Virales/análisis , Biomarcadores/análisis , Arteria Carótida Común/patología , Arteria Carótida Común/virología , Diferenciación Celular , División Celular , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/patología , Desmina/análisis , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Músculo Liso Vascular/patología , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas WKY , Factores de Tiempo , Túnica Íntima/patologíaRESUMEN
The major satellite of the horse genome consists of about 1 million copies of a 221-bp tandem repeat unit. By fluorescence in situ hybridization it has been localized in the centromeres of 58 of the 64 horse chromosomes. The donkey genome contains a similar but not identical satellite. Strikingly, the equine repeat did not hybridize to DNA of the Grevy zebra, despite the divergence of the horse and zebra only 3 to 5 million years ago and the ability of these species to crossbreed. The evolution of satellite DNA in the Equidae is more rapid than that in other mammalian families, which may be explained by their rapid karyotypic evolution.