RESUMEN
The statement presented here gives an overview and assessment of the procedures and concepts currently used for the collection and determination of airborne, culturable microorganisms at sources of emission within composting plants and in their near vicinity. The paper focuses on "classical" methods, which involve cultivation as an intermediate step for the determination of viable, airborne microorganisms. The theoretical and practical requirements on such methods are discussed. Results and experiences from recent investigations are described.
Asunto(s)
Microbiología del Aire , Contaminantes Ocupacionales del Aire , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Eliminación de Residuos , Monitoreo del Ambiente , HumanosRESUMEN
A significant aspect of holistic primary care nursing is that it seeks to assess and understand clients' health beliefs and behaviors in the context of culture. This article examines implications for primary care nursing practice based on the cultural beliefs and health behaviors of pregnant Mexican-American women. Giger and Davidhizar's transcultural assessment model is used to evaluate six cultural phenomena present in all cultural groups. Culturally sensitive primary care by certified nurse-midwives in a community health birth center setting is described.
Asunto(s)
Cultura , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Embarazo/psicología , Centros de Asistencia al Embarazo y al Parto/organización & administración , Servicios de Salud Comunitaria , Femenino , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Medicina Tradicional , México/etnología , Atención Primaria de Salud/organización & administración , Socialización , Texas , Enfermería TransculturalAsunto(s)
Aire/análisis , Pollos , Polvo/análisis , Vivienda para Animales , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Microbiología del Aire , Animales , Aniones/análisis , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Cationes/análisis , Femenino , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Rayos Láser , Tamaño de la PartículaAsunto(s)
Aluminio/análisis , Hierro/análisis , Lisosomas/análisis , Diálisis Renal , Humanos , Macrófagos/análisisAsunto(s)
Tejido Adiposo/citología , Dimetilsulfóxido/farmacología , Tejido Adiposo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Femenino , Glucagón/farmacología , Glucosa/metabolismo , Lipólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Norepinefrina/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Teofilina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The acetylcarnitine concentration in amniotic fluid fell significantly between 33 and 37 and 40 weeks of gestation. It was significantly higher in samples that had a low lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio. The acetylcarnitine content of tracheal fluid was higher in samples obtained from premature newborns. The major excretory form of carnitine is the acetate ester and only in adults does the urine contain significant amounts of free carnitine. The level of acetylcarnitine in plasma significantly increases after the first day of life; there was no difference in the plasma levels of carnitine between full-term and premature newborns. Plasma-free carnitine and acetylcarnitine levels were significantly lower in infants who were receiving a soybean-based formula. A positive correlation was found between the plasma level of ketone bodies and that of acetylcarnitine.
Asunto(s)
Acetilcarnitina/análisis , Líquidos Corporales/análisis , Carnitina/análogos & derivados , Recién Nacido , Adulto , Líquido Amniótico/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Hidroxibutiratos/análisis , Alimentos Infantiles/análisis , Leche Humana/análisis , Fosfatidilcolinas/análisis , Embarazo , Glycine max/análisis , Esfingomielinas/análisis , TráqueaAsunto(s)
Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Carnitina/metabolismo , Recién Nacido , Tejido Adiposo/análisis , Tejido Adiposo/enzimología , Adulto , Animales , Carnitina/análisis , Carnitina O-Palmitoiltransferasa/metabolismo , Humanos , Alimentos Infantiles/análisis , Leche/análisis , Leche Humana/análisisAsunto(s)
Microbiología del Aire , Pollos , Vivienda para Animales , Ovinos , Animales , Estadística como AsuntoAsunto(s)
Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Dimetilsulfóxido/farmacología , Glucosa/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , 3',5'-AMP Cíclico Fosfodiesterasas/metabolismo , Adenilil Ciclasas/metabolismo , Animales , Femenino , Fluoruros/farmacología , Glucagón/farmacología , Insulina/farmacología , Norepinefrina/farmacología , Propranolol/farmacología , Ratas , Teofilina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The comparison of light scattering diameter determined by forward scattering measurements in the airborne state and the geometrical size (projected area diameter) of atmospheric aerosol particles at the earth surface and of NaCl nuclei shows that the particles can approximately be described as spheres with an equivalent projected diameter and a refractive index of 1.54 +/- 2%. The investigation refers to particles ranging between 0.3 microm and 2 microm and relative humidities less than 60%.
Asunto(s)
Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Adenosina Desaminasa/farmacología , Tejido Adiposo/citología , Tejido Adiposo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Pollos , Depresión Química , Glucagón/administración & dosificación , Glucagón/farmacología , Glicerol/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Fenilisopropiladenosina/farmacología , Estimulación Química , Teofilina/administración & dosificación , Teofilina/farmacología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation was enhanced by the addition of N6 (phenylisopropyl)adenosine (PIA), prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or nicotinic acid during a 1-h incubation of small amounts 5-8 mg/ml) of rat fat cells. Basal lipolysis was appreciable if low numbers of fat cells were incubated per ml. Insulin inhibited basal lipolysis at 20 to 50 mugU/ml and abolished lipolysis of 100 mugU/ml was present over a l-h period. However PIA, PGE1 or nicotinic acid potentiated glucose oxidation due to the 100 mugU/ml dose of insulin indicating that these agents are not increasing glucose oxidation solely as a result of an inhibition of lipolysis. PIA, PGE1 and nicotinic acid acted synergistically with insulin in stimulating glucose oxidation and inhibiting lipolysis in the presence of norepinephrine. Insulin was unable to decrease basal cyclic AMP accumulation or the increase in cyclic AMP seen with norepinephrine and theophylline after various time periods (2 to 60 min) but PIA, PGE1 and nicotinic acid were able to inhibit cyclic AMP accumulation at all times tested.
Asunto(s)
Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Insulina/farmacología , Ácidos Nicotínicos/farmacología , Prostaglandinas/farmacología , Animales , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Femenino , Glucosa/metabolismo , Glicerol/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Norepinefrina/farmacología , Fenilisopropiladenosina/farmacología , Ratas , Teofilina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
In fat cells isolated from the parametrial adipose tissue of rats, the addition of purified adenosine deaminase increased lipolysis and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) accumulation. Adenosine deaminase markedly potentiated cyclic AMP accumulation due to norepinephrine. The increase in cyclic AMP due to adenosine deaminase was as rapid as that of theophylline with near maximal effects seen after only a 20-sec incubation. The increases in cyclic AMP due to crystalline adenosine deaminase from intestinal mucosa were seen at concentrations as low as 0.05 mug per ml. Further purification of the crystalline enzyme preparation by Sephadex G-100 chromatography increased both adenosine deaminase activity and cyclic AMP accumulation by fat cells. The effects of adenosine deaminase on fat cell metabolism were reversed by the addition of low concentrations of N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine, an analog of adenosine which is not deaminated. The effects of adenosine deaminase on cyclic AMP accumulation were blocked by coformycin which is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme. These findings suggest that deamination of adenosine is responsible for the observed effects of adenosine deaminase preparations. Protein kinase activity of fat cell homogenates was unaffected by adenosine or N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine. Norepinephrine-activated adenylate cyclase activity of fat cell ghosts was not inhibited by N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine. Adenosine deaminase did not alter basal or norepinephrine-activated adenylate cyclase activity. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity of fat cell ghosts was also unaffected by adenosine deaminase. Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation were little affected by adenosine deaminase. However, the addition of adenosine deaminase to fat cells incubated with 1.5 muM norepinephrine abolished the antilipolytic action of insulin and markedly reduced the increase in glucose oxidation due to insulin. These effects were reversed by N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine. Phenylisopropyl adenosine did not affect insulin action during a 1-hour incubation. If fat cells were incubated for 2 hours with phenylisopropyl adenosine prior to the addition of insulin for 1 hour there was a marked potentiation of insulin action. The potentiation of insulin action by prior incubation with phenylisopropyl adenosine was not unique as prostaglandin E1, and nicotinic acid had similar effects.