RESUMEN
In this contribution we present an account on pentafluoroethylated compounds of silicon, germanium and tin. The pronounced electron-withdrawing effect of the pentafluoroethyl group leads to a markedly increased Lewis acidity at the central atom which results in the stabilization of hypervalent complexes, anionic element(II) species as well as remarkable reactivities of element-element and element-hydrogen bonds. By addition to unsaturated C-C bonds or by reaction with organic halides as well as transition-metal complexes the molecules bearing a pentafluoroethyl-element group are readily accessible. Moreover, the utilization of pentafluoroethyl groups facilitates the formation of donor-stabilized germylenes and stannylenes. A series of such compounds serves as suitable pentafluoroethylation reagents. Conversely to the well-studied trifluoromethyl derivatives these compounds frequently exhibit a higher thermostability, which allows a more convenient handling.
RESUMEN
In this contribution we report on the synthesis of bis(pentafluoroethyl)stannane, H2 Sn(C2 F5 )2 . In the reaction with donor molecules a ready elimination of hydrogen and the formation of the corresponding donor-stabilized monomeric bis(pentafluoroethyl)stannylene, Sn(C2 F5 )2 , becomes apparent. With dependence on the Lewis basicity and steric demand of the donor, varying coordination numbers are realized. Whereas the reaction with nitrogen bases like 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) leads to the complexation of two donor molecules, [Sn(C2 F5 )2 (dmap)2 ], treatment with PMe3 or [Sn(C2 F5 )3 ]- furnished the corresponding neutral or anionic monoadducts, [Sn(C2 F5 )2 (D)] (D=PMe3 , [Sn(C2 F5 )3 ]- ). In contrast, the utilization of sterically demanding donors, such as iPr2 O, as well as the thermal treatment of ether complexes, [Sn(C2 F5 )2 (D)n ] (D=Et2 O, THF), leads to the formation of oligomeric and cyclic stannylene moieties [Sn(C2 F5 )2 ]n . The reactivity of H2 Sn(C2 F5 )2 and the donor-stabilized stannylenes was proven by hydrostannylation and complexation reactions with tetracarbonylnickel and bimetallic compounds. In the latter case, a donor-dependent stannylene or distannylene insertion into the metal-metal bond was observed.
RESUMEN
The tin-tin bond cleavage of hexaorganodistannanes by nucleophiles is a long-known reaction and widely used for stannate formation or stannyl group transfer. Herein, we detail our experiments to provide analytical evidence for the existence of the reasonably stable anionic complexes [XSn(C2 F5 )3 {Sn(C2 F5 )3 }]- (X=Cl, Br, I, Sn(C2 F5 )3 ) derived from hexakis(pentafluoroethyl)distannane. NMR investigations at low temperature lend further mechanistic insights. Thus, by detection of the imposing ion [Sn(C2 F5 )3 {Sn(C2 F5 )3 }2 ]- , one can surmise that the chemistry of Sn2 (C2 F5 )6 has more in common with the isolobal iodine than with classical distannanes.
RESUMEN
A versatile two-step synthesis of tris(pentafluoroethyl)stannane, HSn(C2 F5 )3 , is presented. Electron-withdrawing C2 F5 groups significantly influence the polarity of the tin-hydrogen bond, which allows facile deprotonation of the compound, even in water. The utility of this electron-deficient stannane was illustrated in hydrostannylations of alkenes and alkynes, as well as in dehalogenation reactions. The remarkably high reactivity of HSn(C2 F5 )3 is demonstrated in fast hydrostannylations, even in the absence of activators, whereby the regioselectivity of this process turns out to be solvent dependent. It is of great advantage that in dehalogenation reactions volatile halogenotris(pentafluoroethyl)stannanes, XSn(C2 F5 )3 (X=I, Br), are formed that allow facile separation of the tin-containing byproducts from the reaction mixtures.
RESUMEN
Pentafluoroethyllithium, LiC2 F5 , has been established as an efficient and versatile reagent for the transfer of the pentafluoroethyl unit to a number of electrophiles. Here, the stability of this species up to -40 °C is of advantage, particularly in comparison to its smaller congener LiCF3 . The usual production of LiC2 F5 , however, from gaseous HC2 F5 or IC2 F5 and strong bases requires specially designed apparatuses, which severely impeded its value as a laboratory reagent. In this contribution we communicate an alternative gas-free and highly efficient protocol for the synthesis of LiC2 F5 from the already commercialized stannate salt [PPh4 ][Sn(C2 F5 )5 ]. The [Sn(C2 F5 )5 ]- anion represents not only the first example of a structurally characterized hypervalent pentaalkylstannate but also serves as a precursor for the synthesis of the homoleptic tetrakis(pentafluoroethyl)stannane, Sn(C2 F5 )4 . The reaction of the latter with n-butyllithium provides an insight into the mechanism of LiC2 F5 generation.
RESUMEN
Syntheses of salts containing the tris(pentafluoroethyl)stannate(II) ion, [Sn(C2 F5 )3 ]- , were achieved through deprotonation of the corresponding stannane, HSn(C2 F5 )3 , as well as by direct pentafluoroethylation of SnCl2 with LiC2 F5 . The electron-withdrawing substituents have substantial influence on the stability and reactivity of the anion as documented by its treatment with main group halides. Alkyl halides (R-X) underwent nucleophilic substitutions to afford RSn(C2 F5 )3 , whereas Si, Ge, Sn, P halides gave rise to oxidation processes yielding hypervalent [SnX2 (C2 F5 )3 ]- salts (X=Cl, Br, I). Moreover the unsymmetrical distannane, nBu3 SnSn(C2 F5 )3 , was disclosed as an alternative precursor for the Sn(C2 F5 )3 moiety. Although neither the solid state structure nor its spectra in alkane solution reveal unexpected peculiarities, unusual dissociation of the compound in coordinating solvents into [nBu3 Sn(D)n ]+ and [Sn(C2 F5 )3 ]- ions was observed.
RESUMEN
For (pentafluoroethyl)phenylstannanes, (C2 F5 )4-n SnPhn (n=1-3), and dimethylbis(pentafluoroethyl)stannane, (C2 F5 )2 SnMe2 , a high yield synthesis was developed by the use of LiC2 F5 as a C2 F5 transfer reagent. The treatment of these products with gaseous hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide afforded (C2 F5 )4-n SnXn (X=Cl, Br; n=1-3) in good yields. The (pentafluoroethyl)stannanes were fully characterized by 1 H, 13 C, 19 F and 119 Snâ NMR, IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The treatment of the (pentafluoroethyl)tin halides (C2 F5 )4-n SnXn with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) led to the formation of the corresponding octahedrally coordinated complexes [(C2 F5 )4-n SnXn (phen)], the structures of which were elucidated by X-ray diffraction analyses. The bromostannane (C2 F5 )3 SnBr reacted with sodium cyclopentadienide to give the (η1 -cyclopentadienyl)tris(pentafluoroethyl)stannane, (C2 F5 )3 SnCp, for which single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis could be performed. The coupling constants 1 J(119 Sn,13 C) and 2 J(119 Sn,19 F) of all new stannanes are strongly correlated and sensitive to the substitution pattern at the tin atom. For both coupling constants a negative sign could be assigned.