RESUMEN
RATIONALE: Comorbidities, age, severity of illness, and high risk pathogens are well-known outcome determinants in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). How these factors interact has not yet been clarified. OBJECTIVES: We conducted this study to analyze the complex interaction of comorbidities, age, illness severity, and pathogens in relation to CAP. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization database to evaluate the impact of age in different age groups (<65, 65-79, and ≥80 yr), comorbidities (malignant disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal and liver disease, cerebrovascular accident, congestive heart failure, and diabetes mellitus), severity of illness at admission, and etiology on the mortality of patients admitted to the hospital with CAP. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 6,205 patients met the inclusion criteria, and 508 (8.2%) died within 30 days. Factors independently associated with mortality were malignant disease, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident, renal disease, diabetes mellitus, altered mental status, hypoxemia, pleural effusion, hematocrit less than 30%, requirement for mechanical ventilation, and being age 80 years and older. A total of 1,699 pathogens were defined in 1,545 cases; the etiology was the same for all age groups. In the overall population, mortality increased with age, but etiology was not associated with mortality. When we analyzed the patients with one comorbidity or less, we found that mortality was not different between patients younger than 65 old and those 65-79 years old, but it was higher for those aged 80 years and older. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of comorbidities is associated with poorer outcomes in CAP. However, when one comorbidity or less was present, we found that being age 80 years or older was a factor that increased mortality. From a clinical standpoint, this study suggests that being age 80 years or older, instead of age 65 years and older, should be considered a risk factor for poor outcome in CAP.
Asunto(s)
Factores de Edad , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/epidemiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/mortalidad , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Neumonía/epidemiología , Neumonía/mortalidad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Comorbilidad , Femenino , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) is an international observational study in 130 hospitals, with a total of 31 countries, to assess the current management of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). 2 Using the centralized database of CAPO was decided to conduct this study with the aim of evaluate the level of adherence with national guidelines in Venezuela, to define in which areas an intervention may be necessary to improve the quality of care of hospitalized patients with CAP. METHODS: In this observational retrospective study quality indicators were used to evaluate the management of hospitalized patients with CAP in 8 Venezuelan's centers. The care of the patients was evaluated in the areas of: hospitalization, oxygen therapy, empiric antibiotic therapy, switch therapy, etiological studies, blood cultures indication, and prevention. The compliance was rated as good (>90%), intermediate (60% to 90%), or low (<60%). RESULTS: A total of 454 patients with CAP were enrolled. The empiric treatment administered within 8 hours of the patient arrival to the hospital was good (96%), but the rest of the indicators showed a low level of adherence (<60%). CONCLUSION: We can say that there are many areas in the management of CAP in Venezuela that are not performed according to the national guidelines of SOVETHORAX.1 In any quality improvement process the first step is to evaluate the difference between what is recommended and what is done in clinical practice. While this study meets this first step, the challenge for the future is to implement the processes necessary to improve the management of CAP in Venezuela.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/terapia , Adhesión a Directriz , Administración Oral , Adulto , Anciano , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Sangre/microbiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/sangre , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/etiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/prevención & control , Sustitución de Medicamentos , Utilización de Medicamentos , Femenino , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Infusiones Intravenosas , Pacientes Internos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Terapia por Inhalación de Oxígeno/estadística & datos numéricos , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Indicadores de Calidad de la Atención de Salud , Estudios Retrospectivos , Cese del Hábito de Fumar , VenezuelaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Assessing the likelihood for Legionella sp. in community-acquired pneumonia is important because of differences in treatment regimens. Currently used antigen tests and culture have limited sensitivity with important time delays, making empirical broad-spectrum coverage necessary. Therefore, a score with 6 variables recently has been proposed. We sought to validate these parameters in an independent cohort. METHODS: We analyzed adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia from a large multinational database (Community Acquired Pneumonia Organization) who were treated between 2001 and 2012 with more than 4 of the 6 prespecified clinical variables available. Association and discrimination were assessed using logistic regression analysis and area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Of 1939 included patients, the infectious cause was known in 594 (28.9%), including Streptococcus pneumoniae in 264 (13.6%) and Legionella sp. in 37 (1.9%). The proposed clinical predictors fever, cough, hyponatremia, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, and platelet count were all associated or tended to be associated with Legionella cause. A logistic regression analysis including all these predictors showed excellent discrimination with an AUC of 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.87-0.94). The original dichotomized score showed good discrimination (AUC, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.65-0.81) and a high negative predictive value of 99% for patients with less than 2 parameters present. CONCLUSIONS: With the use of a large independent patient sample from an international database, this analysis validates previously proposed clinical variables to accurately rule out Legionella sp., which may help to optimize initial empiric therapy.