RESUMEN
Lanaroflavone (1), a biflavonoid isolated from the methanol extract of the aerial part of Campnosperma panamense by bioguided fractionation, has been assessed for in vitro antiprotozoal activity. Lanaroflavone showed both antimalarial and leishmanicidal activities, but was inactive against Chagas disease vector, Trypanosoma cruzi.
Asunto(s)
Anacardiaceae , Antiprotozoarios/farmacología , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Trypanosoma cruzi/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antimaláricos/administración & dosificación , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Antiprotozoarios/administración & dosificación , Antiprotozoarios/uso terapéutico , Enfermedad de Chagas/tratamiento farmacológico , Flavonoides/administración & dosificación , Flavonoides/farmacología , Flavonoides/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Parasitaria , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Hojas de la Planta , Tripanocidas/administración & dosificación , Tripanocidas/farmacología , Tripanocidas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
In our search for therapeutical alternatives for antiprotozoal chemotherapy, we collected a selection of 44 plants from western Colombia upon ethnopharmacological and chemotaxonomic considerations. Polar and apolar extracts of these species were examined for antimalarial activity using in vitro tests with two clones of Plasmodium falciparum. Leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activity were determined in vitro using promastigote and amastigote forms of several strains of Leishmania sp. and epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Among the selected plants, the 15 following species showed good or very good antiprotozoal activity in vitro: Aspidosperma megalocarpon, Campnosperma panamense, Conobea scoparioides, Guarea polymera, Guarea guidonia, Guatteria amplifolia, Huberodendron patinoi, Hygrophila guianensis, Jacaranda caucana, Marila laxiflora, Otoba novogranatensis, Otoba parviflora, Protium amplium, Swinglea glutinosa and Tabernaemontana obliqua. Cytotoxicity was assessed in U-937 cells and the ratio of cytotoxicity to antiprotozoal activity was determined for the active extracts. Ten extracts from eight species showed selectivity indexes > or = 10. Among the extracts that showed leishmanicidal activity, the methylene chloride extract of leaves from C. scoparioides showed a selectivity index in the same range that the one of the Glucantime control. Several of the active leishmanicidal plants are traditionally used against leishmaniasis by the population of the concerned area.
Asunto(s)
Antimaláricos/farmacología , Etnofarmacología , Leishmania/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Tripanocidas/farmacología , Trypanosoma cruzi/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antimaláricos/aislamiento & purificación , Colombia , Tripanocidas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
A new prenylated acridone alkaloid, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2,8-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-10-methyl-9-acridone (1), was isolated from the stembark of Swinglea glutinosa, along with three known acridone alkaloids, 5-hydroxynoracronycine (2), 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-10-methyl-9-acridone (3), and 1,3,5-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-10-methylacridone (4). The isolated alkaloids were assessed in vitro against chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains and for cytotoxicity using HeLa cells.
Asunto(s)
Acridinas/aislamiento & purificación , Alcaloides/aislamiento & purificación , Antimaláricos/aislamiento & purificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Rutaceae/química , Acridinas/química , Acridinas/farmacología , Alcaloides/química , Alcaloides/farmacología , Animales , Antimaláricos/química , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Cloroquina/farmacología , Colombia , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Eritrocitos , Femenino , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Células HeLa/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Estructura Molecular , Nigeria , Tallos de la Planta/química , Plantas Medicinales/química , Espectrofotometría UltravioletaRESUMEN
Two new 27-nor-triterpenoid saponins, pyrocincholic acid 3 beta-O-beta-D-quinovopyranosyl-28-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] ester (1) and pyrocincholic acid 3 beta-O-beta-D-quinovopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-28-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] ester (2) were isolated from the stem bark of Isertia pittieri, together with two known bidesmosidic quinovic acid glycosides. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined on the basis of spectroscopic studies.
Asunto(s)
Plantas Medicinales/química , Rubiaceae/química , Saponinas/aislamiento & purificación , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Colombia , Estructura Molecular , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Corteza de la Planta/química , Tallos de la Planta/química , Saponinas/química , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja , Triterpenos/químicaRESUMEN
Pregunta de investigación: ¿Los alcaloides aporfínicos tiene una actividad intrinseca antipalúdica, pueden potencializar la acitivad de la cloroquina y revertir la resitencia de Plasmodium falciparum?. OBjetivos: Determinar la actividad antipaludica intrinseca de 12 alcaloides aporfínicos, Determinar el nivel de su efecto, establecer si tiene efecto y de maduracion o ponteciación, sinergismo aditivo o de antagonismo con la cloroquina, Determinar qué alcaloide pueden provocar reversión de la resistencia a la cloroquina, Estudiar un posible mecanismo de acción. Lugar:IINSAD, IBBA. Métodos: Cultivo de estadios eritrocitarios de Plasmodium falciparum, evaluación de la actividad antipalúdica in vitro de los alcaloides aporfinicos usando varios métodos. Resutlados: Los alcaloides evaluados son menos acativos que la cloroquia sola, todos los alcaloides mostraron un claro efecto acumulativo, especialmente Glaucina fumarato, Los alcaloides asimilobina, isoboldina HCI, coridina y actinodafnia conbinados con lacloroquina mostraron un efecto antagónico hacia esta droga, losalcaloides nuciferina HCI, pachyconfina, cassiticina, presentan un efecto de potenciación a la cloroquina. Glaucina fumarato, lautotetanina e isocorytuberina mostraron un sinergismo aditivo a la cloroquina, Nuceferina HCI revierte la resisstencia de la cloroquina a 0.5ug/ml, pachyconfina a la concentraion de 2 ug/ml y cassyticina a 1 ug/ml, se evidenció que los alcaloides aorfinicos no perturban el mecanismo de transporte creado por los parásitos intraeritrocitarios. Conclusión: Los 12 alcaloides aporfinicos, no presentan una actividad mayor que la cloroquina, pero nuciferina HCI, pachyconfina y cassyticina convinados con esta 4 aminoquinolina, pueden potencializar su actividad y revertir la resitencia de cepas cloroquina-resistentes, la modalidad de acción de estos alcaloides es de tipo acumulativo y no perturban el mecanismo de transporte creado por los parásitos intraeritrocitarios.
Asunto(s)
Plantas Medicinales , Plasmodium , Plasmodium falciparum , Cloroquina , AlcaloidesRESUMEN
The collection of dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper provides a powerful approach for the development of large-scale, population-based screening programs. DBS methods are particularly valuable in developing countries and isolated rural regions where resources are limited. Large numbers of field specimens can be economically collected and shipped to centralized reference laboratories for genetic and (or) serological analysis. Alternatively, the dried blood can be stored and used as an archival resource to rapidly establish the frequency and distribution of newly recognized mutations, confirm patient identity or track the origins and emergence of newly identified pathogens. In this report, we describe how PCR-based technologies are beginning to interface with international screening programmes for the diagnosis and genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In particular, we review recent progress using DBS specimens to resolve the HIV-1 infection status of neonates, monitor the genetic evolution of HIV-1 during early infancy and establish a sentinel surveillance system for the systematic monitoring of HIV-1 genetic variation in Asia.
Asunto(s)
Serodiagnóstico del SIDA/métodos , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/diagnóstico , Recolección de Muestras de Sangre , Filtración/métodos , VIH-1/genética , Papel , Vacunas contra el SIDA , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/transmisión , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Bases , Cartilla de ADN , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Variación Genética , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Mutación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Análisis de Secuencia , ZidovudinaRESUMEN
A chemical investigation of the bark of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret, performed in our laboratory, allowed the isolation and identification of three new triterpenoid saponins (mimonosides A, B and C), three steroid saponins (3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl campesterol, 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl stigmasterol and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl beta-sitosterol) together with lupeol, campesterol, stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol. The three new triterpenoid saponins were subjected to in vitro biological tests (immunomodulation and proliferation) using different animal and human cells in culture. The results of these tests contribute to explain the traditional use of this plant material.
Asunto(s)
Plantas Medicinales/química , Animales , Humanos , México , FarmacognosiaRESUMEN
A clinical AIDS case definition is needed for surveillance in countries where the CDC case definition is not practical. To derive such a definition, we compared 110 HIV-seropositive and 135 randomly selected HIV-seronegative adult medical-ward inpatients in Brazil. Multivariate analysis of clinical signs and symptoms and simple diagnoses resulted in a discriminant function with sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 96% in predicting for AIDS. These data were the empirical basis for a clinical definition of AIDS in adults drafted in a Caracas, Venezuela, workshop sponsored by the Pan American Health Organization. The revised "Caracas" definition presented here requires a positive HIV serology, the absence of cancer or other cause of immunosuppression, plus > or = 10 cumulative points, as follows: Kaposi's sarcoma (10 points); extrapulmonary/noncavitary pulmonary tuberculosis (10); oral candidiasis or hairy leukoplakia (5); cavitary pulmonary/unspecified tuberculosis (5); herpes zoster < 60 years of age (5); CNS dysfunction (5); diarrhea > or = 1 month (2); fever > or = 1 month (2); cachexia or > 10% weight loss (2); asthenia > or = 1 month (2); persistent dermatitis (2); anemia, lymphopenia, or thrombocytopenia (2); persistent cough or any pneumonia except TB (2); and lymphadenopathy > or = 1 cm at > or = 2 noninguinal sites for > or = 1 month (2). This definition has a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 100% (91% without HIV serology) when applied to the Brazilian patients in this study. The Caracas definition has been adopted by Brazil, Honduras, and Surinam, and is in validation elsewhere. The use of a reasonably sensitive and specific case definition commensurate with available diagnostic resources should facilitate AIDS surveillance in developing countries.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/diagnóstico , VIH-1 , VIH-2 , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/complicaciones , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Análisis de Varianza , Brasil/epidemiología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Vigilancia de la Población , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/complicaciones , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
Analysis of sera from hospitalized Brazilian patients by whole-virus lysate-based enzyme immunoassay and Western blot indicated that 0.4% were reactive to HIV-2 alone while 4% were reactive to both HIV-1 and HIV-2. When these sera were tested for HIV antibody by type-specific peptide enzyme immunoassays, dual seropositivity was confirmed in only 0.4% of patients. To define genetically the HIV strains within the population, we analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells from selected seropositive patients for the presence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proviral DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Independent primers/probes sets were used for the amplification and detection of viral sequences from the long terminal repeat (LTR), gag, and protease (prt) gene regions. Our findings confirmed the serologic evidence of HIV-2 in Brazil and determined the extent of mixed HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. Detailed evaluation of the amplified viral protease sequences by endonuclease restriction analysis and DNA sequencing independently confirmed mixed HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in the two patients seropositive for HIV-1 and HIV-2. The data further indicated that these isolates are distinct from the HIV laboratory standards. We interpret the combination of culture and PCR findings to demonstrate the presence of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/microbiología , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , VIH-2/aislamiento & purificación , Secuencia de Bases , Brasil , Sondas de ADN , ADN Viral/genética , Genes gag , Proteasa del VIH/genética , VIH-1/genética , VIH-2/genética , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Secuencias Repetitivas de Ácidos NucleicosRESUMEN
Since 1983 an ethnopharmacological research called the TRAMIL Programme (Applied Research on the Traditional Popular Medicine in the Caribbean Basin) has been underway in several countries of the West Indies and Central America. The programme, which started in Haiti and in the Dominican Republic, has now extended to Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Guatemala, Honduras and Venezuela. The most important goal of the programme is to evaluate the traditional use of medicinal herbs in order to help unprivileged populations from this geographical area. The study is approached from the point of view of solutions to everyday health problems, rather than as a simple catalogue of plant or traditional remedy usage. An appropriate methodology is employed, including inventory and botanical determination, bibliographical research, study of the unknown species through analytical, toxicological and/or pharmacological methods and transmission of controlled information which ensures the value of natural medication to the public. The TRAMIL Programme leads to protection of cultural heritage and integration of effective and secure traditional remedies in primary health care.
Asunto(s)
Medicina Tradicional , América Central , Recolección de Datos , Plantas Medicinales/clasificación , Indias OccidentalesAsunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Serodiagnóstico del SIDA , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/prevención & control , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/transmisión , África , América Central , Estudios de Cohortes , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Femenino , Seropositividad para VIH , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , América del Sur , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
An ethnomedical and ethnopharmacological research on the traditional use of plants to cure human diseases was carried out in the Thomonde area located in the Central Plateau of Haiti. The use of medicinal plants is widespread among the rural population and is often the first treatment utilized. An ethnomedical approach to the Haitian traditional therapeutic system and popular beliefs is made. The percentage home remedies used as first treatment against 38 diseases was determined by means of an investigation performed on a quantitative scale.
Asunto(s)
Características Culturales , Cultura , Enfermedad , Medicina Tradicional , Población Rural , Factores Socioeconómicos , Demografía , Humanos , Plantas MedicinalesRESUMEN
An ethnomedical and ethnopharmacological research on the traditional use of plants to cure human diseases was carried out in the Thomonde area located in the Central Plateau of Haïti. Part 1 of this publication was an ethnomedical study of the traditional folk therapy system. In this second part, we list 161 local plants, distributed in 64 botanical families, currently used for treating 38 common diseases. These 161 species were collected and identified. Their latin names, local names, local medicinal uses, the used part of the plant and the form of remedy are described.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad , Medicina Tradicional , Plantas Medicinales/clasificación , Demografía , Haití , HumanosRESUMEN
Haitian empirical medicine sprang from both European (16th to 19th century) and African (especially voodoo) traditional therapies. The use of medicinal herbs is highly developed. Our purpose was to list the plants held to be antifertility agents in the island. We identified about twenty species more or less currently used by the women as abortifacients or emmenagogues. The chemistry and active components of a few species are well-known. However, for most of them, some were partially studied, and no relation could be established between their chemical composition and their potential activities, and the rest are chemically unknown. We chemically screened extracts of Casearia ilicifolia, Eleutherine bulbosa, Rhoeo spathacea and Stemodia durantifolia, and identified flavonoids, triterpenes and sterols in the leaves of C. ilicifolia, and naphthoquinones, and a new anthraquinone, anthracene-9,10-dione-1,5-diol-4-methoxy-3-methyl-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, in the bulbs of E, bulbosa. R. spathacea showed a stimulative activity on mouse uterus. Antifertility screening tests of C. ilicifolia and E. bulbosa showed activity in rats, but also probably toxicity.
Asunto(s)
Anticonceptivos , Plantas Medicinales , Animales , Fenómenos Químicos , Química , Anticonceptivos/aislamiento & purificación , Cultura , Implantación del Embrión/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Haití , Hormonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Magia , Ratones , Oxitócicos , Plantas Medicinales/análisis , Embarazo , RatasRESUMEN
Haitian empirical medicine sprang from both European (16th to 19th century) and African (especially voodoo) traditional therapies. The use of medicinal herbs is highly developed. Our purpose was to list the plants held to be antifertility agents n the island. We identified about twenty species more or less currently used by the women as abortifacients or emmenagogues. The chemistry and active components of a few species are well-known. However, for most of them, some were partially studied, and no relation could be established between their chemical composition and their potential activities, and the rest are chemically unknown. We chemically screened extracts of casearia ilicifolia, Eleutherine bulbosa, Rhoeo spathacea and the leaves of C.ilieifolia, and naphthoquinones, and a new anthraquinine, anthracene -9, 10-dione-1, 5-diol-4-methoxy-3-methyl-2-carboxylec acid methyl ester, in the bulbs of E. bulbosa, R.spathacea showed a stimulative activity on mouse uterus. Antifertility screening tests of C.ilieifolia and E. bulbosa showed activity in rats, but also probably toxicity